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HMS Starjammer
HMS Starjammer
See also Starjammers (disambiguation) for a complete list of references to clarify differences between these closely named or closely related articles.
None
Starjammer
Continuity: Marvel Universe
Registry No.: HMS Starjammer
Manufacturer: Shi'ar
1st appearance: Uncanny X-Men #104
The HMS Starjammer is a fictional space vessel featured in comic books published by Marvel Comics. It first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #104 in April, 1977.
Contents[hide]
1 Description
2 Crew
3 Armament
4 Notes & Trivia
5 External Links
6 References
See also Starjammers (disambiguation) for a complete list of references to clarify differences between these closely named or closely related articles.
None
Starjammer
Continuity: Marvel Universe
Registry No.: HMS Starjammer
Manufacturer: Shi'ar
1st appearance: Uncanny X-Men #104
The HMS Starjammer is a fictional space vessel featured in comic books published by Marvel Comics. It first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #104 in April, 1977.
Contents[hide]
1 Description
2 Crew
3 Armament
4 Notes & Trivia
5 External Links
6 References
Starcore
{{Infobox comics location
|name = Starcore
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|publisher = [[Marvel Comics]]
|debut = ''[[Hulk (comics)|Hulk]]'' #148 (Feb 1972)
|creators = [[Archie Goodwin (comics)|Archie Goodwin]]
[[Herb Trimpe]]
|type =
|spacestation=y
|residents =
|races =
|locations =
|subcat = Marvel Comics
|altcat =
|sortkey = Starcore
}}
'''Starcore''' is the name of a series of a fictional spacecraft in [[Marvel Comics]].
==History==
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PETER CORBEAU
Real Name: Dr. Peter Corbeau
Identity/Class: Human
Occupation: Solar physicist, UN administrator
Group Membership: UN STARCORE, administrator of Starcore Station;
former administrator of Starcore One (now destroyed)
Affiliations: Colonel Armbruster, Avengers (Beast, Black Panther, Captain America (Steve Rogers), Hawkeye (Clint Barton), Iron Man (Tony Stark), Quasar (Wendell Vaughn), Sersi, Thor, Thunderstrike, Triathlon, Vision, Warbird, Wasp, Yellowjacket (Henry Pym)), Daredevil (Matthew Murdock), Fantastic Four, Hulk (Bruce Banner), Moira MacTaggert, Dr. McKay, Ms. Marvel (Carol Danvers, aka. Binary/Warbird), General "Thunderbolt" Ross, SHIELD, Starjammers (Ch'od, Hepzibah, Raza Longknife), United Nations, US government, X-Men (Banshee, Beast, Bishop, Colossus, Cyclops, Nightcrawler, Phoenix (Jean Grey), Psylocke, Rogue, Shadowcat, Storm, Thunderbird (Neil Shaara), Wolverine)
Enemies: Cerebro Prime, Juggernaut, Dr. Stephen Lang, Magneto, Neo (especially Seth), Sentinels, Shi'ar, X-Men (Crux, Grey King, Landslide, Mercury, Rapture, Xaos), X-Sentinels
Known Relatives: None known
Aliases: None
Base of Operations: Peter owns a beach house at Cocoa Beach, Florida. He also own a self-designed hydrofoil yacht, the Dejah Thoris II, which is one of the fastest crafts in existence. However, Corbeau spends as much time as possible in space, preferably at the Starcore Station in solar orbit.
First Appearance: Incredible Hulk II#148 (February, 1972)
head
Powers/Abilities: Peter Corbeau is a normal human, with no superpowers. He is one of Earth's foremost and most respected scientists - he has two doctorate-level degrees (one in solar physics, the other is unrevealed but is likely in an engineering field of some sort), has won two Nobel Prizes, and is accomplished political administrator, holding a Director's position within UN's STARCORE program. He's considered to be an expert on solar physics, extraterrestrials, and on the effects of radiation on humans. He has limited knowledge about interdimensional travel. He is an accomplished pilot, trained to pilot space shuttles, and is an expert engineer, having designed projects ranging from his hydrofoil yacht to Starcome One and Starcore Station. Corbeau has brown hair and blue eyes, and smokes a pipe on rare occasions.
History:
(Incredible Hulk II#148 (fb) - BTS) - Peter Corbeau roomed with Bruce Banner in college, and drank with and laughed with him over the following years until Banner became the Hulk. Corbeau earned a doctorate in physics (specializing in solar physics) and won a Nobel Prize.
(Iron Man I#314 (fb) - BTS) - The UN set up a space-based project, which was named STARCORE (an acronym- the actual name is unrevealed).
(Incredible Hulk II#148 (fb) - BTS) - Corbeau's greatest triumph was the solar-orbiting station Starcore One, powered by Earth's first orbiting solar reactor.
(Ms. Marvel I#6 (fb)) - Dr. Corbeau was at Houston's Lunar Receiving Laboratory where he studied a cavourite crystal. To the project's security officer, Carol Danvers (later Ms. Marvel) he described the crystal as a high-range energy matrix, which warped space around it when you poured energy into it. He theorized that by pouring enough energy in and refining the matrix flow, you could create a faster-than-light drive, though the slightest mistake could result in a backlash which could destroy the Earth.
(X-Men I#98 (fb)) - Corbeau won a second Nobel Prize, and was revealed to own a Doctor of Science degree in addition to his physics Ph.D. He also designed his own hydrofoil yacht, the Dejah Thoris, licensed out of Cocoa Beach, which he claimed was the fastest ship afloat.
(Incredible Hulk II#148) - Dr. Corbeau visited the still under construction Project Greenskin Base in New Mexico, where General "Thunderbolt" Ross hoped to capture the Hulk and employ Dr. Corbeau's satellite to restore the Hulk to human form. The sedated Hulk was brought to the base's Radiation Research Complex. He transmitted Starcore One's energy to a receiving dish at Project Greenskin and funneled this solar energy into the Hulk, reverting him (apparently permanently) into Bruce Banner. This was followed by a series of solar flares of then-unprecedented magnitude which drove the sun towards nova status; Corbeau theorized these were tied to the Hulk, combined with some sort of extradimensional force which was soon revealed to be the arrival of Jarella on Earth. Corbeau and Banner brought together the efforts of SHIELD, Henry Pym, and Reed Richards and hoped to fix the problem, but an assassin caused Banner to restore himself to the Hulk, and Jarella was returned to her universe, restoring the sun.
(Avengers I#102 - BTS) - On Starcore One, Dmitri and Hilary detected the emergence of a swarm of Sentinels from solar orbit, on course for Earth. To warn the authorities, they contacted General Ross at Hulkbuster Base (and presumably Dr. Corbeau as well).
(Avengers I#103) - From his control base, Peter Corbeau noted that Starcore One observed that some outside force in the Great Australian Desert was trying to either cause the sun to go nova or at least to create incredibly powerful solar flares. He contacted the Avengers (Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Hawkeye) by telephone to warn them.
(Daredevil I#102 - BTS) - Daredevil told the Black Widow (Romanoff) that he'd checked with Pete Corbeau to find out what effects physicist William Klaxton's condensor ray would have if used (by the Stilt-Man) on the city of San Francisco.
(Incredible Hulk II#172) - Colonel Armbruster, now in charge of Hulkbuster base (formerly Project Greenskin Base), captured the Hulk. Corbeau heard of this, and drew on his White House contacts to gain access to the Base and the Hulk. Armbruster showed him around, and aided him in his new method to deal with the Hulk: exile him to another dimension until such time as they could cure him, at which point they'd bring him back to Earth. The experimental (and enormous) transporter device exiled the Hulk, but accidentally freed the Juggernaut from the dimension he'd been trapped in. Corbeau attempted to use the transporter on the Juggernaut as well, but before he could, feedback restored the Hulk as well; the pair fled.
(X-Men I#98) - An old friend of Corbeau's, Professor Charles Xavier, came to Corbeau for help, and the pair took Peter's yacht, the Dejah Thoris, out into the Bahamas for fishing. Xavier sought Corbeau's advice in identifying some star systems he'd been seeing in visions, but the pair were attacked by Sentinels. Corbeau radioed for help, and the Sentinels destroyed the ship and flew off with Xavier, leaving Corbeau floating in the ocean 200 miles from land. After being rescued, Peter went to Xavier's New York mansion; Cyclops recognized him as Charles' old friend and he aided the X-Men in trying to find Xavier and other missing teammates of theirs, but was unable to locate them on Earth.
(X-Men I#99 / Classic X-Men#7) - By using Xavier's security clearances, Corbeau connected Xavier's mutant-detecting Cerebro into NORAD's Valhalla mountain main data bank and located the Sentinels on a SHIELD orbital platform. Corbeau then used Starcore One's space shuttle (Starcore-Eagle-One) to transport himself and the X-Men (Storm, Nightcrawler, Cyclops, Colossus) there, in the midst of the worst solar flare storm in recent memory (during launch, Corbeau viewed his return to space as akin to going home). He used the storm as an excuse to ask shelter on the SHIELD platform, but those on board (led by Dr. Stephen Lang) detected the mutants on boards and sent Sentinels to attack them. Corbeau crashed the Shuttle into the station, but was then captured with some of the X-Men.
(X-Men I#100 / Classic X-Men#8/2) - With Xavier and Jean Grey, Corbeau was freed by Cyclops from the containment tube he'd been placed in. The team defeated Lang and the Sentinels and fled the station's destruction in the Starcore shuttle, but the ship's control were no longer operable. The telepath Jean Grey mentally absorbed Corbeau's piloting knowledge and skills, and piloted the ship back to Earth.
(X-Men I#101 / Classic X-Men#9) - The shuttle crashed through New York's Kennedy airport and into Jamaica Bay, and Corbeau and the team managed to emerge from the bay (though Jean had changed into Phoenix before collapsing). The X-Men slipped away, leaving only Corbeau to try to explain the shuttle's crash (he replied to reporters with a "no comment," but told rescuers that terrorists had hijacked the space station and murdered its crew). With a Dr. McKay, Corbeau examined Jean Grey at the hospital she was taken to, and the pair determined that she would fully recover.
(X-Men I#107) - Now on board Starcore One, Dr. Corbeau and his team detected a total disruption of reality which threatened to destroy the universe (unbeknownst to Corbeau, this was an effect of the M'kraan Crystal). Corbeau contacted the Fantastic Four's Reed Richards and Ben Grimm to consult on the effect.
(X-Men I#108) - Dr. Corbeau informed the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, and the U.S. President that Starcore One registered a total disruption of the nuclear and gravitational force that bind all matter together, and that another disruption could completely end the universe.
(X-Men I#135) - On board Starcore One, Dr. Corbeau and a staffer detected an incredibly powerful energy beam coming into the sun; it slingshotted around it and vanished before they could identify it (unbeknownst to them, this was the "Dark Phoenix" leaving Earth).
(X-Men I#136) - Dr. Corbeau notified the U.S. President when Starcore One detected the return to Earth of that same energy matrix.
(Uncanny X-Men#150) - Back on Earth, Dr. Corbeau again assisted Charles Xavier when Cyclops went missing; Corbeau brought Xavier, Moira MacTaggert, and Carol Danvers on board the rebuilt Dejah Thoris II to search the area of Julienne Cay, in the Bermuda Triangle. When the X-Men located Magneto nearby, they approached his island and Xavier was lifted from the ship; Corbeau and the others joined the X-Men on Magneto's island after the villain fled.
(Uncanny X-Men#154) - Corbeau remained with Xavier and some of the X-Men on Magneto's island while they set up housekeeping there.
(Uncanny X-Men#158) - On Magneto's island, Corbeau studied Carol Danvers (who had recently lost her super-powers to Rogue) as she sparred with the Starjammers (alien adventurers who were briefly staying with the X-Men) and determined that her bio-readings were incredible despite her lack of powers.
(West Coast Avengers Annual#5/2) - Dr. Peter Corbeau appeared on a late night Nightline news show panel as a space expert following the appearance of Terminus in San Francisco. Also on the panel were Senator William Contana and U.F.O. enthusiast Dirk Keefmeyer. Though Corbeau mentioned that he had experience with extra-terrestrials, he could only conservatively speculate on possible origins and the nature of Terminus.
(Avengers I#344) - Onboard Starcore One (in its orbit just outside Mercury), Dr. Corbeau and his team determined that the sun's electromagnetic field had been "snapping back and forth like a rubber band," threatening to send the sun nova.
(Quasar#32 - BTS) - Corbeau was not present (presumably he was sleeping elsewhere on Starcore One) when Quasar boarded the station to ask about the sun's changes, and left the team an emergency device to contact him in case of emergency after they refused to activate the station.
(Wonder Man II#7 - BTS) - A massive solar flare headed for Starcore One, forcing all present to evacuate.
(Avengers I#345) - A massive solar flare destroyed Starcore One, though Corbeau and the seven other staffers evacuated into the Starcore lifepod; Corbeau had managed to send off a distress signal and they were rescued by several of the Avengers (Quasar, Thunderstrike, Sersi, Vision). A Shi'ar emerged from a wormhole/gate (this had been causing the destabilization) and opened fire on the Avengers and the pod but the Avengers drove off the Shi'ar and returned the Starcore One staff to Earth.
(Iron Man I#314 (fb)) - Peter Corbeau met with the UN Secretary General to present a proposal for a new STARCORE solar station and secured funding, playing on the importance of space to Earth's security following the "Galactic Storm" which has destroyed Starcore One.
(Iron Man I#314) - From elsewhere in the building, Peter Corbeau observed as Iron Man gave the U.N. Security Council a presentation aimed at securing a contract for Stark Enterprises to rebuild a STARCORE station.
(Iron Man I#319) - Peter Corbeau officially awarded a STARCORE communications and research satellite contract to Tony Stark, who in turn officially unveiled "Starcore Command," a control facility located in Los Angeles, California.
(X-Men Unlimited I#13 - BTS) - Dr. Corbeau designed the new Starcore Research Station (later known as just Starcore Station), which was funded by the UN and built in Earth orbit. He recruited the X-Men (Cyclops, Phoenix, Beast, Bishop, Rogue) and Binary (Carol Danvers) to resuscitate the station's power systems, though elements of the construction crew objected. However, Corbeau was not on board when Binary (controlled by the Inciters) lost control and shorted out all the station's systems after the X-Men and she were kidnapped by Shi'ar, who left the station and its crew behind untouched.
(Uncanny X-Men#360) - Peter Corbeau was project leader on a top secret payload due to be launched into space; however, Corbeau became unhappy with the project and requested and received a transfer off the project. Days before the payload's launch on the "Benassi Rocket," Corbeau contacted the X-Men to arrange a secret meeting in Washington DC. However, his Pentagon office was attacked by a group of fake X-Men, who burrowed into the Pentagon and captured him. He was taken to a central Florida swamp 62 miles from the launch facility, and placed in a containment chamber in an underground facility there.
(X-Men II#80) - Via unrevealed means Corbeau escaped; wounded and dazed he encountered the X-Man Shadowcat. He warned her that she needed to stop the rocket without destroying it; after the X-Men stopped the rocket and defeated the fake "X-Men," at a subsequent press conference Corbeau publicly revealed that the Benassi Rocket had housed a "mutant defense net," technology which would have allowed the government to track mutants to the nearest square foot.
(X-Man#55) - From aboard Starcore Station, now in its solar orbit, Dr. Corbeau and a staff of at least six detected the opening of a Shi'ar jumpgate, and a ship heading for Earth; they notified UN-Com of the breach.
(X-Men II#100) - Corbeau recruited the X-Men to work as a construction team to reconstitute a space station which had formerly belonged to the High Evolutionary and used in a plot to remove the powers of all mutants on Earth. The Genoshan government objected to the station's use and demanded its destruction, but Corbeau defended its recommissioning for the peaceful benefit of all nations. With the new crew, he was present when the Neo attacked and destroyed the station; the X-Men rescued him and the crew to the space shuttle Intrepid.
(X-Men II#101) - With help from the X-Men in holding the ship together, Corbeau piloted the Intrepid to a crash landing in Grassy Bay just off New York's JFK airport. The entirety of the crew survived the crash.
(Maximum Security#1) - From Starcore Station, Peter Corbeau contacted the Avengers (Iron Man, Captain America, Triathlon, Warbird, Wasp) to report that the solar station had detected a massive energy-lattice at the boundaries of the solar system.
Comments: Created by Archie Goodwin (writer), Herb Trimpe (pencils), John Severin (inks). The credits say "with a welcome plotting assist from Chris Claremont," and given that Claremont used Corbeau a lot thereafter, I'd guess he had a major role in his creation.
STARCORE is, unfortunately, used interchangeably for a wide number of things. As clarification: Iron Man I#314 establishes that STARCORE is not the station itself, but rather a science and space oriented UN program in general. Avengers West Coast Annual#5 points out that STARCORE is an acronym for something, though we aren't told what. This is in tune with actual UN processes, where programs are given acronym names (think UNICEF or UNESCO), though they inevitably start with UN, while STARCORE doesn't. Perhaps its properly UNSTARCORE, but commonly abbreviated as STARCORE? As Starcore One is frequently referred to as Starcore, clearly that satellite was so strongly the centerpiece and major part of the STARCORE program that people occasionally simply referred to Starcore One just as Starcore. Similarly STARCORE and Project Starcore are occasionally used interchangeably, probably on the same principle now that the moonbase is established as STARCORE's most prominent project (though STARCORE has been referred to as Project Starcore as far back as Uncanny X-Men I#98). STARCORE is also occasionally referred to as a NASA group (but only in its later days, and only under Chris Claremont)- either the UN is working with NASA (very likely - Cape Canaveral has been used several times before this anyway), or the UN has discontinued STARCORE and NASA has taken it over (much less likely).
As noted, what STARCORE (actually UN STARCORE) stands for is never established. My personal preference, worth exactly nothing: United Nations Space Technology And Resources- Coordination Of Research Endeavors. Seems very UN-like to me.
With the confusing details above in mind, I've tried to be very careful with the terms on this page, excepting where I note potentially confusing usage - here follows all the STARCORE elements, in chronological order. STARCORE (an all-capitals acronym) is the UN program. Starcore One is the first solar research station, destroyed by solar flares induced by a Shi'ar warpgate. Starcore Command is the L.A. satellite control station. Stark's Starcore Station is the never-used replacement (destroyed by War Machine), built with Stark Enterprises and STARCORE money as part of Stark's attempt to destroy humanity. Starcore Station (also known as Starcore Research Station) is the second active solar research station. Project Starcore is the moonbase, in the Blue Area.
Some Starcore One staffing points of potential confusion: Starcore One's Hillary is spelled that way (two 'l's) in his first appearance in Avengers I#102, and Hilary (one 'l') in his next appearance. Could be two different people, I suppose, but it seems unlikely there'd be two astronauts with last names that similar. Colonel Kutuzov is given a first name (Mikhail) in the almost-certainly-out-of-continuity X-Men: The Return novel (by Chris Roberson), and Hilary is named Alexander there. I've maintained that name here (no reason not to), which also leads to the supposition that Starcore One's Mikhail in Avengers I#344-345 is Kutuzov as well.
In X-Men Unlimited I#13 Starcore Station has a boxy form; in X-Man#55 its in the more traditional cylinder-like shape. The discrepancy is most easily explained by the fact that the ship was unfinished in the X-Men Unlimited issue.
I just have to note - everyone's going to assume that Corbeau's two Nobel Prizes are both in physics. Given his major position in the UN and his constant drive to the peaceful and scientific use of space (not to mention the fact that no one has ever won two Nobel Prizes in the same category), it wouldn't surprise me in the least if his second Nobel was a Nobel Peace Prize - that's exactly the type of thing that could get you a Peace Prize. However, we've never been told what either is for.
X-Men: The Return - this novel is stated to take place just prior to Uncanny X-Men Annual#10, which was summer, 1986. With that in mind, the events in the book would take place after Uncanny X-Men#158 above, and before Avengers West Coast Annual#5. Note that until otherwise confirmed, this novel cannot be assumed to take place in Marvel continuity. Thanks to Jeff Christiansen for pointing out the novel and Corbeau's inclusion in it.
(X-Men: The Return) - It was May and Corbeau was in his quarters on Starcore one, involved in a conversation with Colonel Mikhail Kutuzov and Dr. Stephen Beckley; Beckley wanted use of the array for his work on the Edmund Project. Kutuzov pointed out that Beckley's presence was only a courtesy to NASA and refused the permission, while Corbeau daydreamed of returning to Earth (in ten more months, being only two months into his one year stay) and his yacht (his two childhood passions being the sun and the sea) and away from childish scientists - he preferred science to management. He noted that Starcore held a dozen scientists with a dozen Nobel Prizes between them, and that his initial trip to Starcore had been on Starcore-Eagle-One. His remembrances were interrupted by Talia Kruma and Alexander Hilary, who alerted him that an alien ship had emerged from behind the sun and was on course for Earth. Not long after, from Starcore One Corbeau notified the X-Men that a dozen more ships had arrived, and soon after that Starcore One broadcast a live feed of those aliens' destruction at the hands of the Sentinels.
The novel X-Men: Mutant Empire Book Two, Sanctuary (1996, by Christopher Golden) notes the existence of Starcore on page 11 in theorizing how the X-Men can rescue themselves from where they're trapped in orbit around the sun, and on page 280 has Angel recalling piloting a Starcore space shuttle several years earlier during a crisis.
The novel Generation X (1997, by Scott Lobdell and Elliot S! Maggin) notes on pp. 118-122 the Beast (Hank McCoy as being in Wahington DC doing some consulting work for Starcore. An unidentified microorganism had infected a Starcore Earth-orbit satellite, and after that fell into the Atlantic it was picked up by a submarine and brought to DC where it was kept in isolation. At Peter Corbeau's request,McCoy worked on identifying the microorganism.
The novel Gamma Quest Book Three, Friend or Foe (2000, by Greg Cox) notes the presence of the moon-based Project Starcore and "a full complement of Starcore scientists" on page 77. However, the Project and scientists do not otherwise appear in the book.
Completely personal note - until I started putting this together I had no idea how well developed STARCORE was and the depths to it. I'd always just thought of it as one somewhat goofy space station, but once I see it all laid out it seems like this is really something that should be one of the better and more major parts of the Marvel universe.
There's an Age of Apocalypse Peter Corbeau as well, in Gambit and the X-Ternals#1 (1995). In that universe he was forced to work for Apocalypse, caretaking the orbital remains of Apocalypse's old Celestial ship which Magneto had once destroyed. Corbeau betrayed Apocalypse to help Magneto and his followers learn the location of the Shi'ar Galaxy and the M'kraan Crystal, and also induced Lila Cheney's teleportational powers into activation. Once Cheney and the others had departed, Corbeau began a total systms crash of the ship, knowing that Apocalypse was now going to have him killed.
Thanks to John McDonagh for catching the mention of Starcore One in Captain Marvel I#32, and Michael Gariepy for finding Starcore One's appearance in Fantastic Four I#297-298.
Profile by Mark O'English.
CLARIFICATIONS:
Peter Corbeau has no known connections to
any other characters named "Corbeau"
STARCORE, Starcore One, and Project Starcore have no connections to
STAR CORE THREE, a Sol-exploring NASA probe which fell into the sun @ Avengers I#218
STAR CORPS, expanded form of Nova Corps, many slain by Kraa @ New Warriors I#42
or any other "Star" named characters, devices, or ships
Project Starcore
Project Starcore
While "Project Starcore" is a name informally used for the entire STARCORE directive, Project Starcore is also a name more specifically used for a research facility built on the rim of the crater which holds the Blue Area of the Moon. Following the placement of a Kree outpost in the moon's Blue Area (as part of an attack on Earth) and its subsequent defeat by the Avengers, SHIELD's xenobiology division and STARCORE took joint custody of the area and the Supreme Intelligence, who was confined there. STARCORE and SHIELD were subsequently given scientific and military control of the Blue Area by the UN; its unclear if STARCORE had access to the Supreme Intelligence or if he was strictly a military prisoner. Construction of the actual permanent facility there began not long before Rick Jones and the Avengers visited the Intelligence; scientists in the still-under-construction facility were witness to a battle between Ronan and Iron Man and the Fantastic Four, a battle which briefly left the station without life support until Iron Man rescued them.
Project Starcore staff included Dr. Lind (@ Avengers III#7), Callie Yeager (@ Fantastic Four III#15, Iron Man III#14), and Jake & Lucien (@ Fantastic Four III#15).
--Avengers III#7 (Avengers Forever#1-2, Fantastic Four III#14-15, Iron Man III#14, X-Men II#100-101
STARCORE
STARCORE (also known as "Project Starcore") is a UN directorate: an ongoing project intended to enhance the scientific study of space for the advancement and protection of Earth and its dwellers. One of its early projects was Starcore One, a satellite intended for close-up study of our star; Starcore One was built in Earth orbit and then moved into solar orbit near Mercury. After years of service, Starcore One was destroyed during Galactic Storm. In the past few years, Stark Industries built Starcore Command as a satellite control facility in Los Angeles, California; much of STARCORE communications was previously routed through a STARCORE telemetry module at Project: PEGASUS. More recently, STARCORE built Project Starcore, a research facility in the Blue Area of the Moon (security for the facility is handled by SHIELD), and Starcore Station, a new solar-orbit station for study of the sun, replacing Starcore One. They also recommissioned a space station abandoned by the High Evolutionary, but this station was destroyed by the Neo before it ever became operational.
The STARCORE logo (a stylized star) can be seen in the image of Starcore One just below, on the upper right end of the ship.
Beyond Corbeau, STARCORE employees not more specifically associated with a base or station elsewhere on this page have included Clancy and Reese, who were piloting a STARCORE lear jet which barely escaped inadvertent destruction at the hands of Eric the Red (@ Uncanny X-Men I#97).
--Incredible Hulk II#148 (Avengers I#102-103, Captain Marvel I#32, X-Men I#97-99, Avengers Annual#7, X-Men I#107-108, X-Men I#135, West Coast Avengers Annual#5/2, Avengers I#344, Quasar#32, Wonder Man II#7, Avengers I#345, Iron Man I#314, 319, X-Men Unlimited I#13, Avengers III#7, Uncanny X-Men#360, X-Men II#80, Avengers Forever#1-2, Fantastic Four III#14-15, Iron Man III#14, X-Man#55, X-Men II#100-101, Maximum Security#1
Starcore One
Starcore One
Starcore One was an United Nations sponsored orbiting laboratory satellite, designed by Dr. Peter Corbeau, who was subsequently appointed Director of the operational station. It was the Earth's first orbiting solar reactor (otherwise known as a hydrogen-helium reactor). It could amplify solar energy immensely and transfer it to Earth via a powerful beam. It has been manned by a multi-racial and multi-national crew, including both male and female scientists. From Earth, Corbeau and his team monitored the satellite via a laser-beam transviewer. Starcore One had its own space shuttle (launched from Cape Canaveral), known as Starcore-Eagle-One, which was used to resupply and restaff the station until the shuttle crashed in Jamaica Bay. Starcore One held a well-protected Starcore lifepod for use in emergencies.
After construction, Starcore One was moved to a solar orbit just outside Mercury. Corbeau used Starcore One to drain energy from the sun and cure the Hulk, though this temporarily destabilized the sun, nearly causing it to go nova. It subsequently detected the arrival of a space fleet brought to Earth's sytem by Thanos, though Starcore was unable to aid the Avengers in locating several Avengers who Thanos had been kidnapped off-planet. Following this, it detected the emergence of Sentinels from solar orbit and monitored what were later revealed to be attempts by the Sentinels to create solar flares which would sterilize the Earth. Starcore One staff were the first to detect an invasion by yet another Thanos-backed fleet, monitored an intense solar flare which threatened Dr. Corbeau's shuttle, detected universal "flickers" caused by the M'kraan Crystal, and detected the comings and goings of the Dark Phoenix.
Eventually Starcore One's orbit began deteriorating, and all humans were removed from the station, leaving it completely automated. After it detected "signs of what appeared to be some sort of extradimensional siphon" tapping the Earth's sun, Reed Richards routed "counter-phase" energy from an Earth satellite through Starcore One in an effert to close the siphon. Though the siphon closed, it had the side effect of drawing the merged extradimensionals Umbra and Jaguur onto the station; not long thereafter they beamed themselves to Earth.
The orbital decay was corrected (whether this was due to Umbra/Jaguur or later efforts is unrevealed) and the station was restaffed with a rotating permanent crew of seven. This crew would later detect solar instabilities caused by a Shi'ar wormhole just before those instabilities destroyed the station (its staff surviving in the lifepod until being rescued by the Avengers).
Besides Peter Corbeau, Starcore One staff included Colonel Mikhail Kutuzov (a sensor specialist @ X-Men I#99, Avengers I#344, Quasar#32, Avengers I#345), Alexander Hilary (male American mission commander @ Avengers I#102, Uncanny X-Men I#99), Dmitri (cosmonaut @ Avengers I#102, Uncanny X-Men I#99), unidentified (@ X-Men 107), unidentified glasses-wearer (@ Avengers Annual#7, Avengers I#344, Quasar#32, Wonder Man II#7, Avengers I#345), unidentified black male (@ X-Men I#135), Geppi (@ Quasar#32, Avengers I#345), Talia Kruma (@ Avengers I#344, Quasar#32, Wonder Man II#7, Avengers I#345), and three other unidentified people (@ Avengers I#344, Quasar#32, Wonder Man II#7, Avengers I#345).
--Incredible Hulk II#148 (Avengers I#102-103, Captain Marvel I#32, X-Men I#98 - BTS, X-Men I#99, Avengers Annual#7, X-Men I#107-108, X-Men I#135, Fantastic Four I#297-298, Avengers I#344, Quasar#32, Wonder Man II#7, Avengers I#345
Starcore Command
Following the destruction of Starcore One, Dr. Corbeau arranged UN funding for new STARCORE satellites, and the initial contract was given to Stark Enterprises (with Henry Peter Gyrich appointed as a UN liaison to the project). Anticipating the contract, Stark had a control facility, Starcore Command, built in Los Angeles before he even officially got the contract. From Starcore Station, Corbeau contacted Earth via "UN-Com" but it is unclear if this is an abbreviation for Starcore Command (Starcore being a UN project), or is merely a name for the communications network,
--Iron Man I#319 (X-Man#55
Starcore Station
Starcore Station
Following Starcore One's destruction, Starcore Station (also known as Starcore Research Station) took its place in solar orbit. This is another UN (STARCORE) manned station, built in Earth orbit and intended for solar study. During its construction, Binary, Phoenix, and Bishop attempted to resuscitate the power systems of the unfinished core, but a Shi'ar intervention resulted in every system on board shorting out. While on board, Binary and the X-Men (Rogue, Cyclops, Beast, Phoenix, Bishop) warned off Earth fighter pilots who attempted to attack the Silver Surfer. The damage was subsequently repaired and the ship was moved to a solar orbit. Once in its proper place, its sensors detected an incursion by a Shi'ar ship and later an alien "cage" which was placed around our solar system, but as the station was designed for solar study they were able to determine nothing more about that cage.
While under construction, Starcore Station's staff included a Dr. Barnes and three unidentified others(@ X-Men Unlimited I#13). In solar orbit, Starcore carried Corbeau and at least six unidentified staffers (@ X-Man I#55).
--X-Men Unlimited I#13 (Silver Surfer III#123, X-Man#55, Maximum Security#1
Stark's Starcore Station
Stark's Starcore Station
Tony Stark, influenced by Immortus, built a chronographic weapon which would expose all life on Earth to chronographic radiation, destorying it. Though the device was located beneath Force Works' southern California headquarters, the trigger device for the weapon was in space, on a Starcore Station that Stark Enterprises had built with its own and STARCORE's money (beginning construction even before recieving STARCORE approval). Force Works uncovered this plot, and War Machine (Jim Rhodes) invaded the Starcore Station and violently destroyed it when he detonated Dirge's suit of warwear within it. Unlike the other STARCORE satellites, this one was armed with a variety of defensive weapons, including very lethal lasers.
--Force Works I#20 (War Machine I#23
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Uncanny X-Men I#150, p8, pan2 (main image)
Ms. Marvel I#6, p26, pan5 (head)
Fantastic Four III#15, p4, pan1 (Project Starcore)
Quasar#32, p2, pan4 (Starcore One)
X-Men I#55, p1, pan1-2 (Starcore Station)
War Machine I#23, p20, pan4-5 (Stark's Starcore Station destroyed)
Appearances:
Incredible Hulk II#148 (February, 1972) - Archie Goodwin (writer), Herb Trimpe (pencils), John Severin (inks), Stan Lee (editor)
Avengers I#102-103 (August-September, 1972) - Roy Thomas (writer/editor), Rich Buckler (pencils), Joe Sinnott (inks)
Daredevil I#102 (August, 1973) - Chris Claremont (writer), Syd Shores (pencils), Frank Giacoia (inks), Roy Thomas (editor)
Incredible Hulk II#172 (February, 1974) - Tony Isabella (writer), Herb Trimpe (pencils), Jack Abel (inks), Roy Thomas (editor)
Captain Marvel I#32 (May, 1974) - Jim Starkin (writer & pencils), Dan Green (inks), Roy Thomas (editor)
X-Men I#97-98 (February-April, 1976) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils), Sam Grainger (inks), Marv Wolfman (editor)
X-Men I#99 (June, 1976) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils), Frank Chiaramonte (inks), Marv Wolfman (editor)
X-Men I#100 (August, 1976) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils/inks), Marv Wolfman (editor)
X-Men I#101 (October, 1976) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils), Frank Chiaramonte (inks), Archie Goodwin (editor)
Ms. Marvel I#6 (June, 1977) - Chris Claremont (writer), Jim Mooney (pencils), Joe Sinnott (inks), Archie Goodwin (editor)
Avengers Annual#7 (1977) - Jim Starlin (writer & pencils), Joe Rubinstein (inks), Archie Goodwin (editor)
X-Men I#107 (October, 1977) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils), Frank Chiaramonte (inks), Marv Wolfman (editor)
X-Men I#108 (December, 1977) - Chris Claremont (writer), John Byrne (pencils), Terry Austin (inks), Marv Wolfman (editor)
X-Men I#135-136 (July-August, 1980) - Chris Claremont (writer/co-plotter), John Byrne (co-plotter/pencils), Terry Austin (inks), Jim Salicrup (editor)
Uncanny X-Men#150, 154 (October, 1981; February, 1982) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils), Josef Rubinstein & Bob Wiacek (inks), Louise Jones (editor)
Uncanny X-Men#158 (June, 1982) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils), Bob Wiacek (inks), Louise Jones (editor)
Fantastic Four I#297-198 (December, 1986-January, 1987) - Roger Stern (writer), John Buscema (pencils), Sal Buscema (inks), Don Daley (editor)
Classic X-Men#7 (March, 1987) - Chris Claremont (writer), Jim Sherman (pencils), Joe Rubinstein (inks), Ann Nocenti (editor)
Classic X-Men#8/2 (April, 1987) - Chris Claremont (writer), John Bolton (pencils/inks), Ann Nocenti (editor)
Classic X-Men#9 (May, 1987) - Chris Claremont (writer), Tom Morgan (pencils), Sam Grainger (inks), Ann Nocenti (editor)
West Coast Avengers Annual#5/2 (1990) - Rob Tokar (writer), Jim Reddington (pencils), Keith Williams (inks), Howard Mackie (editor)
Avengers I#344-345 (February-March, 1992) - Bob Harras (writer), Steve Epting (pencils), Tom Palmer (inks), Ralph Macchio (editor)
Quasar#32 (March, 1992) - Mark Gruenwald (writer), Greg Capullo (pencils), Harry Candelario (inks), Kelly Corvese (editor)
Wonder Man I#7 (March, 1992) - Gerard Jones (writer), Jeff Johnson (pencils), Dan Panosian (inks), Fabian Nicieza (editor)
Gambit and the X-Ternals#1 (March, 1995) - Fabian Nicieza (writer), Tony Daniel (pencils), Kevin Conrad (inks), Bob Harras (editor)
Iron Man I#314 (March, 1995) - Len Kaminski (writer), Tom Morgan (pencils), Phil Felix (inks), Nel Yomtov (editor)
Iron Man I#319 (August, 1995) - Terry Kavanagh (writer), Tom Morgan (pencils), Phil Felix (inks), Nel Yomtov (editor)
Force Works#20 (February, 1996) - Dan Abnett & Andy Lanning (writer), Heitor Oliveira (pencils), Rey Garcia & GlassHouse Graphics (inks), Nel Yomtov (editor)
War Machine I#23 (February, 1996) - Dan Abnett (writer), Yancey Labat & Fred Haynes (pencils), Rey Garcia & Johnny Greene (inks), Nel Yomtov (editor)
X-Men Unlimited I#13 (December, 1996) - Perez (plot), Gonzalez (script), Rouleau, Calafiore, & Robinson (pencils), Hunter, McKenna, & Milgrom (inks), Kelly Corvese (editor)
Silver Surfer III#123 (December 1996) - by George Perez and J.M. DeMatteis (writers), Ron Garney and Bob Wiacek (artists), Jayne Gardner (editor)
Avengers III#7 (April, 1998) - Kurt Busiek (writer), George Perez (pencils), Al Vey (inks), Tom Brevoort (editor)
Uncanny X-Men#360 (October, 1998) - Steve Seagle (writer), Chris Bachalo (pencils), Tim Townsend with Jordi Ensign, Aaron Sowd, Jon Sabal, & Peter Palmiotti (inks), Mark Powers (editor)
X-Men II#80 (October, 1998) - Joe Kelly (writer), Brandon Peterson (pencils), Art Thibert (inks), Mark Powers (editor)
Avengers Forever#1-2 (December, 1998-January, 1999) - Kurt Busiek (writer), Carlos Pacheco (pencils), Jesus Merino (inks), Tom Brevoort (editor)
Fantastic Four III#14-15 (February-March, 1999) - Chris Claremont (writer), Salvador Larroca (pencils), Art Thibert (inks), Bobbie Chase (editor)
Iron Man III#14 (March, 1999) - Kurt Busiek & Roger Stern (writer), Sean Chen (pencils), Larry Stucker & Eric Cannon (inks), Bobbie Chase (editor)
X-Man#55 (September, 1999) - Terry Kavanagh (writer), Mike Miller (pencils), Scott Elmer, Scott Koblish, Bud LaRosa (inks), Mike Thomas (editor)
X-Men II#100-101 (May-June, 2000) - Chris Claremont (writer), Leinil Francis Yu (pencils), Mark Morales (inks), Mark Powers (editor)
Maximum Security#1 (December, 2000) - Kurt Busiek (writer), Jerry Ordway (pencils), Al Vey, Will Blyberg, Paul Ryan, & Chris Ivy (inks), Tom Brevoort (editor)
X-Men: The Return (April, 2007) - Chris Roberson (author)
Last updated: 09/29/13
Non-Marvel Copyright info
All other characters mentioned or pictured are ™ and © 1941-2099 Marvel Characters, Inc. All Rights Reserved. If you like this stuff, you should check out the real thing!
Please visit The Marvel Official Site at: http://www.marvel.com
===Starcore One===
'''Starcore One''' was an orbiting laboratory satellite space station designed by NASA physicist Dr. [[Peter Corbeau]]. It first appeared in ''[[Hulk (comics)|Hulk]]'' #148 (Feb 1972) and was created by [[Archie Goodwin (comics)|Archie Goodwin]] and [[Herb Trimpe]]. Starcore was financed, launched, and manned under United Nations auspices, and primarily used for scientific observation of the sun. The station is notable for detecting the activities of [[Phoenix (comics)|Dark Phoenix]] in Earth's solar system.Somehow,like Mister Spock in he bad episode The altnitive Factor,Peter Corbeau knew the uiverse winked on and off,The station was destroyed by instabilities caused by a [[Shi'ar]] wormhole.Avengers #345
===Starcore Command===
'''Starcore Command''' was a control facility for the Starcore program, built after the destruction of Starcore One, and contracted to [[Stark Enterprises]]. It first appeared in [[Iron Man]] #319.
===Starcore Station===
'''Starcore Station''' was the successor to Starcore One. It first appeared in ''X-Men Unlimited'' #13.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{Marvunapp|http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix4/corbeaupeter.htm#one|Starcore}}
[[Category:Marvel Comics objects]]
{{Marvel-comics-stub}}
{{fict-location-stub}}
|name = Starcore
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|publisher = [[Marvel Comics]]
|debut = ''[[Hulk (comics)|Hulk]]'' #148 (Feb 1972)
|creators = [[Archie Goodwin (comics)|Archie Goodwin]]
[[Herb Trimpe]]
|type =
|spacestation=y
|residents =
|races =
|locations =
|subcat = Marvel Comics
|altcat =
|sortkey = Starcore
}}
'''Starcore''' is the name of a series of a fictional spacecraft in [[Marvel Comics]].
==History==
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PETER CORBEAU
Real Name: Dr. Peter Corbeau
Identity/Class: Human
Occupation: Solar physicist, UN administrator
Group Membership: UN STARCORE, administrator of Starcore Station;
former administrator of Starcore One (now destroyed)
Affiliations: Colonel Armbruster, Avengers (Beast, Black Panther, Captain America (Steve Rogers), Hawkeye (Clint Barton), Iron Man (Tony Stark), Quasar (Wendell Vaughn), Sersi, Thor, Thunderstrike, Triathlon, Vision, Warbird, Wasp, Yellowjacket (Henry Pym)), Daredevil (Matthew Murdock), Fantastic Four, Hulk (Bruce Banner), Moira MacTaggert, Dr. McKay, Ms. Marvel (Carol Danvers, aka. Binary/Warbird), General "Thunderbolt" Ross, SHIELD, Starjammers (Ch'od, Hepzibah, Raza Longknife), United Nations, US government, X-Men (Banshee, Beast, Bishop, Colossus, Cyclops, Nightcrawler, Phoenix (Jean Grey), Psylocke, Rogue, Shadowcat, Storm, Thunderbird (Neil Shaara), Wolverine)
Enemies: Cerebro Prime, Juggernaut, Dr. Stephen Lang, Magneto, Neo (especially Seth), Sentinels, Shi'ar, X-Men (Crux, Grey King, Landslide, Mercury, Rapture, Xaos), X-Sentinels
Known Relatives: None known
Aliases: None
Base of Operations: Peter owns a beach house at Cocoa Beach, Florida. He also own a self-designed hydrofoil yacht, the Dejah Thoris II, which is one of the fastest crafts in existence. However, Corbeau spends as much time as possible in space, preferably at the Starcore Station in solar orbit.
First Appearance: Incredible Hulk II#148 (February, 1972)
head
Powers/Abilities: Peter Corbeau is a normal human, with no superpowers. He is one of Earth's foremost and most respected scientists - he has two doctorate-level degrees (one in solar physics, the other is unrevealed but is likely in an engineering field of some sort), has won two Nobel Prizes, and is accomplished political administrator, holding a Director's position within UN's STARCORE program. He's considered to be an expert on solar physics, extraterrestrials, and on the effects of radiation on humans. He has limited knowledge about interdimensional travel. He is an accomplished pilot, trained to pilot space shuttles, and is an expert engineer, having designed projects ranging from his hydrofoil yacht to Starcome One and Starcore Station. Corbeau has brown hair and blue eyes, and smokes a pipe on rare occasions.
History:
(Incredible Hulk II#148 (fb) - BTS) - Peter Corbeau roomed with Bruce Banner in college, and drank with and laughed with him over the following years until Banner became the Hulk. Corbeau earned a doctorate in physics (specializing in solar physics) and won a Nobel Prize.
(Iron Man I#314 (fb) - BTS) - The UN set up a space-based project, which was named STARCORE (an acronym- the actual name is unrevealed).
(Incredible Hulk II#148 (fb) - BTS) - Corbeau's greatest triumph was the solar-orbiting station Starcore One, powered by Earth's first orbiting solar reactor.
(Ms. Marvel I#6 (fb)) - Dr. Corbeau was at Houston's Lunar Receiving Laboratory where he studied a cavourite crystal. To the project's security officer, Carol Danvers (later Ms. Marvel) he described the crystal as a high-range energy matrix, which warped space around it when you poured energy into it. He theorized that by pouring enough energy in and refining the matrix flow, you could create a faster-than-light drive, though the slightest mistake could result in a backlash which could destroy the Earth.
(X-Men I#98 (fb)) - Corbeau won a second Nobel Prize, and was revealed to own a Doctor of Science degree in addition to his physics Ph.D. He also designed his own hydrofoil yacht, the Dejah Thoris, licensed out of Cocoa Beach, which he claimed was the fastest ship afloat.
(Incredible Hulk II#148) - Dr. Corbeau visited the still under construction Project Greenskin Base in New Mexico, where General "Thunderbolt" Ross hoped to capture the Hulk and employ Dr. Corbeau's satellite to restore the Hulk to human form. The sedated Hulk was brought to the base's Radiation Research Complex. He transmitted Starcore One's energy to a receiving dish at Project Greenskin and funneled this solar energy into the Hulk, reverting him (apparently permanently) into Bruce Banner. This was followed by a series of solar flares of then-unprecedented magnitude which drove the sun towards nova status; Corbeau theorized these were tied to the Hulk, combined with some sort of extradimensional force which was soon revealed to be the arrival of Jarella on Earth. Corbeau and Banner brought together the efforts of SHIELD, Henry Pym, and Reed Richards and hoped to fix the problem, but an assassin caused Banner to restore himself to the Hulk, and Jarella was returned to her universe, restoring the sun.
(Avengers I#102 - BTS) - On Starcore One, Dmitri and Hilary detected the emergence of a swarm of Sentinels from solar orbit, on course for Earth. To warn the authorities, they contacted General Ross at Hulkbuster Base (and presumably Dr. Corbeau as well).
(Avengers I#103) - From his control base, Peter Corbeau noted that Starcore One observed that some outside force in the Great Australian Desert was trying to either cause the sun to go nova or at least to create incredibly powerful solar flares. He contacted the Avengers (Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Hawkeye) by telephone to warn them.
(Daredevil I#102 - BTS) - Daredevil told the Black Widow (Romanoff) that he'd checked with Pete Corbeau to find out what effects physicist William Klaxton's condensor ray would have if used (by the Stilt-Man) on the city of San Francisco.
(Incredible Hulk II#172) - Colonel Armbruster, now in charge of Hulkbuster base (formerly Project Greenskin Base), captured the Hulk. Corbeau heard of this, and drew on his White House contacts to gain access to the Base and the Hulk. Armbruster showed him around, and aided him in his new method to deal with the Hulk: exile him to another dimension until such time as they could cure him, at which point they'd bring him back to Earth. The experimental (and enormous) transporter device exiled the Hulk, but accidentally freed the Juggernaut from the dimension he'd been trapped in. Corbeau attempted to use the transporter on the Juggernaut as well, but before he could, feedback restored the Hulk as well; the pair fled.
(X-Men I#98) - An old friend of Corbeau's, Professor Charles Xavier, came to Corbeau for help, and the pair took Peter's yacht, the Dejah Thoris, out into the Bahamas for fishing. Xavier sought Corbeau's advice in identifying some star systems he'd been seeing in visions, but the pair were attacked by Sentinels. Corbeau radioed for help, and the Sentinels destroyed the ship and flew off with Xavier, leaving Corbeau floating in the ocean 200 miles from land. After being rescued, Peter went to Xavier's New York mansion; Cyclops recognized him as Charles' old friend and he aided the X-Men in trying to find Xavier and other missing teammates of theirs, but was unable to locate them on Earth.
(X-Men I#99 / Classic X-Men#7) - By using Xavier's security clearances, Corbeau connected Xavier's mutant-detecting Cerebro into NORAD's Valhalla mountain main data bank and located the Sentinels on a SHIELD orbital platform. Corbeau then used Starcore One's space shuttle (Starcore-Eagle-One) to transport himself and the X-Men (Storm, Nightcrawler, Cyclops, Colossus) there, in the midst of the worst solar flare storm in recent memory (during launch, Corbeau viewed his return to space as akin to going home). He used the storm as an excuse to ask shelter on the SHIELD platform, but those on board (led by Dr. Stephen Lang) detected the mutants on boards and sent Sentinels to attack them. Corbeau crashed the Shuttle into the station, but was then captured with some of the X-Men.
(X-Men I#100 / Classic X-Men#8/2) - With Xavier and Jean Grey, Corbeau was freed by Cyclops from the containment tube he'd been placed in. The team defeated Lang and the Sentinels and fled the station's destruction in the Starcore shuttle, but the ship's control were no longer operable. The telepath Jean Grey mentally absorbed Corbeau's piloting knowledge and skills, and piloted the ship back to Earth.
(X-Men I#101 / Classic X-Men#9) - The shuttle crashed through New York's Kennedy airport and into Jamaica Bay, and Corbeau and the team managed to emerge from the bay (though Jean had changed into Phoenix before collapsing). The X-Men slipped away, leaving only Corbeau to try to explain the shuttle's crash (he replied to reporters with a "no comment," but told rescuers that terrorists had hijacked the space station and murdered its crew). With a Dr. McKay, Corbeau examined Jean Grey at the hospital she was taken to, and the pair determined that she would fully recover.
(X-Men I#107) - Now on board Starcore One, Dr. Corbeau and his team detected a total disruption of reality which threatened to destroy the universe (unbeknownst to Corbeau, this was an effect of the M'kraan Crystal). Corbeau contacted the Fantastic Four's Reed Richards and Ben Grimm to consult on the effect.
(X-Men I#108) - Dr. Corbeau informed the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, and the U.S. President that Starcore One registered a total disruption of the nuclear and gravitational force that bind all matter together, and that another disruption could completely end the universe.
(X-Men I#135) - On board Starcore One, Dr. Corbeau and a staffer detected an incredibly powerful energy beam coming into the sun; it slingshotted around it and vanished before they could identify it (unbeknownst to them, this was the "Dark Phoenix" leaving Earth).
(X-Men I#136) - Dr. Corbeau notified the U.S. President when Starcore One detected the return to Earth of that same energy matrix.
(Uncanny X-Men#150) - Back on Earth, Dr. Corbeau again assisted Charles Xavier when Cyclops went missing; Corbeau brought Xavier, Moira MacTaggert, and Carol Danvers on board the rebuilt Dejah Thoris II to search the area of Julienne Cay, in the Bermuda Triangle. When the X-Men located Magneto nearby, they approached his island and Xavier was lifted from the ship; Corbeau and the others joined the X-Men on Magneto's island after the villain fled.
(Uncanny X-Men#154) - Corbeau remained with Xavier and some of the X-Men on Magneto's island while they set up housekeeping there.
(Uncanny X-Men#158) - On Magneto's island, Corbeau studied Carol Danvers (who had recently lost her super-powers to Rogue) as she sparred with the Starjammers (alien adventurers who were briefly staying with the X-Men) and determined that her bio-readings were incredible despite her lack of powers.
(West Coast Avengers Annual#5/2) - Dr. Peter Corbeau appeared on a late night Nightline news show panel as a space expert following the appearance of Terminus in San Francisco. Also on the panel were Senator William Contana and U.F.O. enthusiast Dirk Keefmeyer. Though Corbeau mentioned that he had experience with extra-terrestrials, he could only conservatively speculate on possible origins and the nature of Terminus.
(Avengers I#344) - Onboard Starcore One (in its orbit just outside Mercury), Dr. Corbeau and his team determined that the sun's electromagnetic field had been "snapping back and forth like a rubber band," threatening to send the sun nova.
(Quasar#32 - BTS) - Corbeau was not present (presumably he was sleeping elsewhere on Starcore One) when Quasar boarded the station to ask about the sun's changes, and left the team an emergency device to contact him in case of emergency after they refused to activate the station.
(Wonder Man II#7 - BTS) - A massive solar flare headed for Starcore One, forcing all present to evacuate.
(Avengers I#345) - A massive solar flare destroyed Starcore One, though Corbeau and the seven other staffers evacuated into the Starcore lifepod; Corbeau had managed to send off a distress signal and they were rescued by several of the Avengers (Quasar, Thunderstrike, Sersi, Vision). A Shi'ar emerged from a wormhole/gate (this had been causing the destabilization) and opened fire on the Avengers and the pod but the Avengers drove off the Shi'ar and returned the Starcore One staff to Earth.
(Iron Man I#314 (fb)) - Peter Corbeau met with the UN Secretary General to present a proposal for a new STARCORE solar station and secured funding, playing on the importance of space to Earth's security following the "Galactic Storm" which has destroyed Starcore One.
(Iron Man I#314) - From elsewhere in the building, Peter Corbeau observed as Iron Man gave the U.N. Security Council a presentation aimed at securing a contract for Stark Enterprises to rebuild a STARCORE station.
(Iron Man I#319) - Peter Corbeau officially awarded a STARCORE communications and research satellite contract to Tony Stark, who in turn officially unveiled "Starcore Command," a control facility located in Los Angeles, California.
(X-Men Unlimited I#13 - BTS) - Dr. Corbeau designed the new Starcore Research Station (later known as just Starcore Station), which was funded by the UN and built in Earth orbit. He recruited the X-Men (Cyclops, Phoenix, Beast, Bishop, Rogue) and Binary (Carol Danvers) to resuscitate the station's power systems, though elements of the construction crew objected. However, Corbeau was not on board when Binary (controlled by the Inciters) lost control and shorted out all the station's systems after the X-Men and she were kidnapped by Shi'ar, who left the station and its crew behind untouched.
(Uncanny X-Men#360) - Peter Corbeau was project leader on a top secret payload due to be launched into space; however, Corbeau became unhappy with the project and requested and received a transfer off the project. Days before the payload's launch on the "Benassi Rocket," Corbeau contacted the X-Men to arrange a secret meeting in Washington DC. However, his Pentagon office was attacked by a group of fake X-Men, who burrowed into the Pentagon and captured him. He was taken to a central Florida swamp 62 miles from the launch facility, and placed in a containment chamber in an underground facility there.
(X-Men II#80) - Via unrevealed means Corbeau escaped; wounded and dazed he encountered the X-Man Shadowcat. He warned her that she needed to stop the rocket without destroying it; after the X-Men stopped the rocket and defeated the fake "X-Men," at a subsequent press conference Corbeau publicly revealed that the Benassi Rocket had housed a "mutant defense net," technology which would have allowed the government to track mutants to the nearest square foot.
(X-Man#55) - From aboard Starcore Station, now in its solar orbit, Dr. Corbeau and a staff of at least six detected the opening of a Shi'ar jumpgate, and a ship heading for Earth; they notified UN-Com of the breach.
(X-Men II#100) - Corbeau recruited the X-Men to work as a construction team to reconstitute a space station which had formerly belonged to the High Evolutionary and used in a plot to remove the powers of all mutants on Earth. The Genoshan government objected to the station's use and demanded its destruction, but Corbeau defended its recommissioning for the peaceful benefit of all nations. With the new crew, he was present when the Neo attacked and destroyed the station; the X-Men rescued him and the crew to the space shuttle Intrepid.
(X-Men II#101) - With help from the X-Men in holding the ship together, Corbeau piloted the Intrepid to a crash landing in Grassy Bay just off New York's JFK airport. The entirety of the crew survived the crash.
(Maximum Security#1) - From Starcore Station, Peter Corbeau contacted the Avengers (Iron Man, Captain America, Triathlon, Warbird, Wasp) to report that the solar station had detected a massive energy-lattice at the boundaries of the solar system.
Comments: Created by Archie Goodwin (writer), Herb Trimpe (pencils), John Severin (inks). The credits say "with a welcome plotting assist from Chris Claremont," and given that Claremont used Corbeau a lot thereafter, I'd guess he had a major role in his creation.
STARCORE is, unfortunately, used interchangeably for a wide number of things. As clarification: Iron Man I#314 establishes that STARCORE is not the station itself, but rather a science and space oriented UN program in general. Avengers West Coast Annual#5 points out that STARCORE is an acronym for something, though we aren't told what. This is in tune with actual UN processes, where programs are given acronym names (think UNICEF or UNESCO), though they inevitably start with UN, while STARCORE doesn't. Perhaps its properly UNSTARCORE, but commonly abbreviated as STARCORE? As Starcore One is frequently referred to as Starcore, clearly that satellite was so strongly the centerpiece and major part of the STARCORE program that people occasionally simply referred to Starcore One just as Starcore. Similarly STARCORE and Project Starcore are occasionally used interchangeably, probably on the same principle now that the moonbase is established as STARCORE's most prominent project (though STARCORE has been referred to as Project Starcore as far back as Uncanny X-Men I#98). STARCORE is also occasionally referred to as a NASA group (but only in its later days, and only under Chris Claremont)- either the UN is working with NASA (very likely - Cape Canaveral has been used several times before this anyway), or the UN has discontinued STARCORE and NASA has taken it over (much less likely).
As noted, what STARCORE (actually UN STARCORE) stands for is never established. My personal preference, worth exactly nothing: United Nations Space Technology And Resources- Coordination Of Research Endeavors. Seems very UN-like to me.
With the confusing details above in mind, I've tried to be very careful with the terms on this page, excepting where I note potentially confusing usage - here follows all the STARCORE elements, in chronological order. STARCORE (an all-capitals acronym) is the UN program. Starcore One is the first solar research station, destroyed by solar flares induced by a Shi'ar warpgate. Starcore Command is the L.A. satellite control station. Stark's Starcore Station is the never-used replacement (destroyed by War Machine), built with Stark Enterprises and STARCORE money as part of Stark's attempt to destroy humanity. Starcore Station (also known as Starcore Research Station) is the second active solar research station. Project Starcore is the moonbase, in the Blue Area.
Some Starcore One staffing points of potential confusion: Starcore One's Hillary is spelled that way (two 'l's) in his first appearance in Avengers I#102, and Hilary (one 'l') in his next appearance. Could be two different people, I suppose, but it seems unlikely there'd be two astronauts with last names that similar. Colonel Kutuzov is given a first name (Mikhail) in the almost-certainly-out-of-continuity X-Men: The Return novel (by Chris Roberson), and Hilary is named Alexander there. I've maintained that name here (no reason not to), which also leads to the supposition that Starcore One's Mikhail in Avengers I#344-345 is Kutuzov as well.
In X-Men Unlimited I#13 Starcore Station has a boxy form; in X-Man#55 its in the more traditional cylinder-like shape. The discrepancy is most easily explained by the fact that the ship was unfinished in the X-Men Unlimited issue.
I just have to note - everyone's going to assume that Corbeau's two Nobel Prizes are both in physics. Given his major position in the UN and his constant drive to the peaceful and scientific use of space (not to mention the fact that no one has ever won two Nobel Prizes in the same category), it wouldn't surprise me in the least if his second Nobel was a Nobel Peace Prize - that's exactly the type of thing that could get you a Peace Prize. However, we've never been told what either is for.
X-Men: The Return - this novel is stated to take place just prior to Uncanny X-Men Annual#10, which was summer, 1986. With that in mind, the events in the book would take place after Uncanny X-Men#158 above, and before Avengers West Coast Annual#5. Note that until otherwise confirmed, this novel cannot be assumed to take place in Marvel continuity. Thanks to Jeff Christiansen for pointing out the novel and Corbeau's inclusion in it.
(X-Men: The Return) - It was May and Corbeau was in his quarters on Starcore one, involved in a conversation with Colonel Mikhail Kutuzov and Dr. Stephen Beckley; Beckley wanted use of the array for his work on the Edmund Project. Kutuzov pointed out that Beckley's presence was only a courtesy to NASA and refused the permission, while Corbeau daydreamed of returning to Earth (in ten more months, being only two months into his one year stay) and his yacht (his two childhood passions being the sun and the sea) and away from childish scientists - he preferred science to management. He noted that Starcore held a dozen scientists with a dozen Nobel Prizes between them, and that his initial trip to Starcore had been on Starcore-Eagle-One. His remembrances were interrupted by Talia Kruma and Alexander Hilary, who alerted him that an alien ship had emerged from behind the sun and was on course for Earth. Not long after, from Starcore One Corbeau notified the X-Men that a dozen more ships had arrived, and soon after that Starcore One broadcast a live feed of those aliens' destruction at the hands of the Sentinels.
The novel X-Men: Mutant Empire Book Two, Sanctuary (1996, by Christopher Golden) notes the existence of Starcore on page 11 in theorizing how the X-Men can rescue themselves from where they're trapped in orbit around the sun, and on page 280 has Angel recalling piloting a Starcore space shuttle several years earlier during a crisis.
The novel Generation X (1997, by Scott Lobdell and Elliot S! Maggin) notes on pp. 118-122 the Beast (Hank McCoy as being in Wahington DC doing some consulting work for Starcore. An unidentified microorganism had infected a Starcore Earth-orbit satellite, and after that fell into the Atlantic it was picked up by a submarine and brought to DC where it was kept in isolation. At Peter Corbeau's request,McCoy worked on identifying the microorganism.
The novel Gamma Quest Book Three, Friend or Foe (2000, by Greg Cox) notes the presence of the moon-based Project Starcore and "a full complement of Starcore scientists" on page 77. However, the Project and scientists do not otherwise appear in the book.
Completely personal note - until I started putting this together I had no idea how well developed STARCORE was and the depths to it. I'd always just thought of it as one somewhat goofy space station, but once I see it all laid out it seems like this is really something that should be one of the better and more major parts of the Marvel universe.
There's an Age of Apocalypse Peter Corbeau as well, in Gambit and the X-Ternals#1 (1995). In that universe he was forced to work for Apocalypse, caretaking the orbital remains of Apocalypse's old Celestial ship which Magneto had once destroyed. Corbeau betrayed Apocalypse to help Magneto and his followers learn the location of the Shi'ar Galaxy and the M'kraan Crystal, and also induced Lila Cheney's teleportational powers into activation. Once Cheney and the others had departed, Corbeau began a total systms crash of the ship, knowing that Apocalypse was now going to have him killed.
Thanks to John McDonagh for catching the mention of Starcore One in Captain Marvel I#32, and Michael Gariepy for finding Starcore One's appearance in Fantastic Four I#297-298.
Profile by Mark O'English.
CLARIFICATIONS:
Peter Corbeau has no known connections to
any other characters named "Corbeau"
STARCORE, Starcore One, and Project Starcore have no connections to
STAR CORE THREE, a Sol-exploring NASA probe which fell into the sun @ Avengers I#218
STAR CORPS, expanded form of Nova Corps, many slain by Kraa @ New Warriors I#42
or any other "Star" named characters, devices, or ships
Project Starcore
Project Starcore
While "Project Starcore" is a name informally used for the entire STARCORE directive, Project Starcore is also a name more specifically used for a research facility built on the rim of the crater which holds the Blue Area of the Moon. Following the placement of a Kree outpost in the moon's Blue Area (as part of an attack on Earth) and its subsequent defeat by the Avengers, SHIELD's xenobiology division and STARCORE took joint custody of the area and the Supreme Intelligence, who was confined there. STARCORE and SHIELD were subsequently given scientific and military control of the Blue Area by the UN; its unclear if STARCORE had access to the Supreme Intelligence or if he was strictly a military prisoner. Construction of the actual permanent facility there began not long before Rick Jones and the Avengers visited the Intelligence; scientists in the still-under-construction facility were witness to a battle between Ronan and Iron Man and the Fantastic Four, a battle which briefly left the station without life support until Iron Man rescued them.
Project Starcore staff included Dr. Lind (@ Avengers III#7), Callie Yeager (@ Fantastic Four III#15, Iron Man III#14), and Jake & Lucien (@ Fantastic Four III#15).
--Avengers III#7 (Avengers Forever#1-2, Fantastic Four III#14-15, Iron Man III#14, X-Men II#100-101
STARCORE
STARCORE (also known as "Project Starcore") is a UN directorate: an ongoing project intended to enhance the scientific study of space for the advancement and protection of Earth and its dwellers. One of its early projects was Starcore One, a satellite intended for close-up study of our star; Starcore One was built in Earth orbit and then moved into solar orbit near Mercury. After years of service, Starcore One was destroyed during Galactic Storm. In the past few years, Stark Industries built Starcore Command as a satellite control facility in Los Angeles, California; much of STARCORE communications was previously routed through a STARCORE telemetry module at Project: PEGASUS. More recently, STARCORE built Project Starcore, a research facility in the Blue Area of the Moon (security for the facility is handled by SHIELD), and Starcore Station, a new solar-orbit station for study of the sun, replacing Starcore One. They also recommissioned a space station abandoned by the High Evolutionary, but this station was destroyed by the Neo before it ever became operational.
The STARCORE logo (a stylized star) can be seen in the image of Starcore One just below, on the upper right end of the ship.
Beyond Corbeau, STARCORE employees not more specifically associated with a base or station elsewhere on this page have included Clancy and Reese, who were piloting a STARCORE lear jet which barely escaped inadvertent destruction at the hands of Eric the Red (@ Uncanny X-Men I#97).
--Incredible Hulk II#148 (Avengers I#102-103, Captain Marvel I#32, X-Men I#97-99, Avengers Annual#7, X-Men I#107-108, X-Men I#135, West Coast Avengers Annual#5/2, Avengers I#344, Quasar#32, Wonder Man II#7, Avengers I#345, Iron Man I#314, 319, X-Men Unlimited I#13, Avengers III#7, Uncanny X-Men#360, X-Men II#80, Avengers Forever#1-2, Fantastic Four III#14-15, Iron Man III#14, X-Man#55, X-Men II#100-101, Maximum Security#1
Starcore One
Starcore One
Starcore One was an United Nations sponsored orbiting laboratory satellite, designed by Dr. Peter Corbeau, who was subsequently appointed Director of the operational station. It was the Earth's first orbiting solar reactor (otherwise known as a hydrogen-helium reactor). It could amplify solar energy immensely and transfer it to Earth via a powerful beam. It has been manned by a multi-racial and multi-national crew, including both male and female scientists. From Earth, Corbeau and his team monitored the satellite via a laser-beam transviewer. Starcore One had its own space shuttle (launched from Cape Canaveral), known as Starcore-Eagle-One, which was used to resupply and restaff the station until the shuttle crashed in Jamaica Bay. Starcore One held a well-protected Starcore lifepod for use in emergencies.
After construction, Starcore One was moved to a solar orbit just outside Mercury. Corbeau used Starcore One to drain energy from the sun and cure the Hulk, though this temporarily destabilized the sun, nearly causing it to go nova. It subsequently detected the arrival of a space fleet brought to Earth's sytem by Thanos, though Starcore was unable to aid the Avengers in locating several Avengers who Thanos had been kidnapped off-planet. Following this, it detected the emergence of Sentinels from solar orbit and monitored what were later revealed to be attempts by the Sentinels to create solar flares which would sterilize the Earth. Starcore One staff were the first to detect an invasion by yet another Thanos-backed fleet, monitored an intense solar flare which threatened Dr. Corbeau's shuttle, detected universal "flickers" caused by the M'kraan Crystal, and detected the comings and goings of the Dark Phoenix.
Eventually Starcore One's orbit began deteriorating, and all humans were removed from the station, leaving it completely automated. After it detected "signs of what appeared to be some sort of extradimensional siphon" tapping the Earth's sun, Reed Richards routed "counter-phase" energy from an Earth satellite through Starcore One in an effert to close the siphon. Though the siphon closed, it had the side effect of drawing the merged extradimensionals Umbra and Jaguur onto the station; not long thereafter they beamed themselves to Earth.
The orbital decay was corrected (whether this was due to Umbra/Jaguur or later efforts is unrevealed) and the station was restaffed with a rotating permanent crew of seven. This crew would later detect solar instabilities caused by a Shi'ar wormhole just before those instabilities destroyed the station (its staff surviving in the lifepod until being rescued by the Avengers).
Besides Peter Corbeau, Starcore One staff included Colonel Mikhail Kutuzov (a sensor specialist @ X-Men I#99, Avengers I#344, Quasar#32, Avengers I#345), Alexander Hilary (male American mission commander @ Avengers I#102, Uncanny X-Men I#99), Dmitri (cosmonaut @ Avengers I#102, Uncanny X-Men I#99), unidentified (@ X-Men 107), unidentified glasses-wearer (@ Avengers Annual#7, Avengers I#344, Quasar#32, Wonder Man II#7, Avengers I#345), unidentified black male (@ X-Men I#135), Geppi (@ Quasar#32, Avengers I#345), Talia Kruma (@ Avengers I#344, Quasar#32, Wonder Man II#7, Avengers I#345), and three other unidentified people (@ Avengers I#344, Quasar#32, Wonder Man II#7, Avengers I#345).
--Incredible Hulk II#148 (Avengers I#102-103, Captain Marvel I#32, X-Men I#98 - BTS, X-Men I#99, Avengers Annual#7, X-Men I#107-108, X-Men I#135, Fantastic Four I#297-298, Avengers I#344, Quasar#32, Wonder Man II#7, Avengers I#345
Starcore Command
Following the destruction of Starcore One, Dr. Corbeau arranged UN funding for new STARCORE satellites, and the initial contract was given to Stark Enterprises (with Henry Peter Gyrich appointed as a UN liaison to the project). Anticipating the contract, Stark had a control facility, Starcore Command, built in Los Angeles before he even officially got the contract. From Starcore Station, Corbeau contacted Earth via "UN-Com" but it is unclear if this is an abbreviation for Starcore Command (Starcore being a UN project), or is merely a name for the communications network,
--Iron Man I#319 (X-Man#55
Starcore Station
Starcore Station
Following Starcore One's destruction, Starcore Station (also known as Starcore Research Station) took its place in solar orbit. This is another UN (STARCORE) manned station, built in Earth orbit and intended for solar study. During its construction, Binary, Phoenix, and Bishop attempted to resuscitate the power systems of the unfinished core, but a Shi'ar intervention resulted in every system on board shorting out. While on board, Binary and the X-Men (Rogue, Cyclops, Beast, Phoenix, Bishop) warned off Earth fighter pilots who attempted to attack the Silver Surfer. The damage was subsequently repaired and the ship was moved to a solar orbit. Once in its proper place, its sensors detected an incursion by a Shi'ar ship and later an alien "cage" which was placed around our solar system, but as the station was designed for solar study they were able to determine nothing more about that cage.
While under construction, Starcore Station's staff included a Dr. Barnes and three unidentified others(@ X-Men Unlimited I#13). In solar orbit, Starcore carried Corbeau and at least six unidentified staffers (@ X-Man I#55).
--X-Men Unlimited I#13 (Silver Surfer III#123, X-Man#55, Maximum Security#1
Stark's Starcore Station
Stark's Starcore Station
Tony Stark, influenced by Immortus, built a chronographic weapon which would expose all life on Earth to chronographic radiation, destorying it. Though the device was located beneath Force Works' southern California headquarters, the trigger device for the weapon was in space, on a Starcore Station that Stark Enterprises had built with its own and STARCORE's money (beginning construction even before recieving STARCORE approval). Force Works uncovered this plot, and War Machine (Jim Rhodes) invaded the Starcore Station and violently destroyed it when he detonated Dirge's suit of warwear within it. Unlike the other STARCORE satellites, this one was armed with a variety of defensive weapons, including very lethal lasers.
--Force Works I#20 (War Machine I#23
images: (without ads)
Uncanny X-Men I#150, p8, pan2 (main image)
Ms. Marvel I#6, p26, pan5 (head)
Fantastic Four III#15, p4, pan1 (Project Starcore)
Quasar#32, p2, pan4 (Starcore One)
X-Men I#55, p1, pan1-2 (Starcore Station)
War Machine I#23, p20, pan4-5 (Stark's Starcore Station destroyed)
Appearances:
Incredible Hulk II#148 (February, 1972) - Archie Goodwin (writer), Herb Trimpe (pencils), John Severin (inks), Stan Lee (editor)
Avengers I#102-103 (August-September, 1972) - Roy Thomas (writer/editor), Rich Buckler (pencils), Joe Sinnott (inks)
Daredevil I#102 (August, 1973) - Chris Claremont (writer), Syd Shores (pencils), Frank Giacoia (inks), Roy Thomas (editor)
Incredible Hulk II#172 (February, 1974) - Tony Isabella (writer), Herb Trimpe (pencils), Jack Abel (inks), Roy Thomas (editor)
Captain Marvel I#32 (May, 1974) - Jim Starkin (writer & pencils), Dan Green (inks), Roy Thomas (editor)
X-Men I#97-98 (February-April, 1976) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils), Sam Grainger (inks), Marv Wolfman (editor)
X-Men I#99 (June, 1976) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils), Frank Chiaramonte (inks), Marv Wolfman (editor)
X-Men I#100 (August, 1976) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils/inks), Marv Wolfman (editor)
X-Men I#101 (October, 1976) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils), Frank Chiaramonte (inks), Archie Goodwin (editor)
Ms. Marvel I#6 (June, 1977) - Chris Claremont (writer), Jim Mooney (pencils), Joe Sinnott (inks), Archie Goodwin (editor)
Avengers Annual#7 (1977) - Jim Starlin (writer & pencils), Joe Rubinstein (inks), Archie Goodwin (editor)
X-Men I#107 (October, 1977) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils), Frank Chiaramonte (inks), Marv Wolfman (editor)
X-Men I#108 (December, 1977) - Chris Claremont (writer), John Byrne (pencils), Terry Austin (inks), Marv Wolfman (editor)
X-Men I#135-136 (July-August, 1980) - Chris Claremont (writer/co-plotter), John Byrne (co-plotter/pencils), Terry Austin (inks), Jim Salicrup (editor)
Uncanny X-Men#150, 154 (October, 1981; February, 1982) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils), Josef Rubinstein & Bob Wiacek (inks), Louise Jones (editor)
Uncanny X-Men#158 (June, 1982) - Chris Claremont (writer), Dave Cockrum (pencils), Bob Wiacek (inks), Louise Jones (editor)
Fantastic Four I#297-198 (December, 1986-January, 1987) - Roger Stern (writer), John Buscema (pencils), Sal Buscema (inks), Don Daley (editor)
Classic X-Men#7 (March, 1987) - Chris Claremont (writer), Jim Sherman (pencils), Joe Rubinstein (inks), Ann Nocenti (editor)
Classic X-Men#8/2 (April, 1987) - Chris Claremont (writer), John Bolton (pencils/inks), Ann Nocenti (editor)
Classic X-Men#9 (May, 1987) - Chris Claremont (writer), Tom Morgan (pencils), Sam Grainger (inks), Ann Nocenti (editor)
West Coast Avengers Annual#5/2 (1990) - Rob Tokar (writer), Jim Reddington (pencils), Keith Williams (inks), Howard Mackie (editor)
Avengers I#344-345 (February-March, 1992) - Bob Harras (writer), Steve Epting (pencils), Tom Palmer (inks), Ralph Macchio (editor)
Quasar#32 (March, 1992) - Mark Gruenwald (writer), Greg Capullo (pencils), Harry Candelario (inks), Kelly Corvese (editor)
Wonder Man I#7 (March, 1992) - Gerard Jones (writer), Jeff Johnson (pencils), Dan Panosian (inks), Fabian Nicieza (editor)
Gambit and the X-Ternals#1 (March, 1995) - Fabian Nicieza (writer), Tony Daniel (pencils), Kevin Conrad (inks), Bob Harras (editor)
Iron Man I#314 (March, 1995) - Len Kaminski (writer), Tom Morgan (pencils), Phil Felix (inks), Nel Yomtov (editor)
Iron Man I#319 (August, 1995) - Terry Kavanagh (writer), Tom Morgan (pencils), Phil Felix (inks), Nel Yomtov (editor)
Force Works#20 (February, 1996) - Dan Abnett & Andy Lanning (writer), Heitor Oliveira (pencils), Rey Garcia & GlassHouse Graphics (inks), Nel Yomtov (editor)
War Machine I#23 (February, 1996) - Dan Abnett (writer), Yancey Labat & Fred Haynes (pencils), Rey Garcia & Johnny Greene (inks), Nel Yomtov (editor)
X-Men Unlimited I#13 (December, 1996) - Perez (plot), Gonzalez (script), Rouleau, Calafiore, & Robinson (pencils), Hunter, McKenna, & Milgrom (inks), Kelly Corvese (editor)
Silver Surfer III#123 (December 1996) - by George Perez and J.M. DeMatteis (writers), Ron Garney and Bob Wiacek (artists), Jayne Gardner (editor)
Avengers III#7 (April, 1998) - Kurt Busiek (writer), George Perez (pencils), Al Vey (inks), Tom Brevoort (editor)
Uncanny X-Men#360 (October, 1998) - Steve Seagle (writer), Chris Bachalo (pencils), Tim Townsend with Jordi Ensign, Aaron Sowd, Jon Sabal, & Peter Palmiotti (inks), Mark Powers (editor)
X-Men II#80 (October, 1998) - Joe Kelly (writer), Brandon Peterson (pencils), Art Thibert (inks), Mark Powers (editor)
Avengers Forever#1-2 (December, 1998-January, 1999) - Kurt Busiek (writer), Carlos Pacheco (pencils), Jesus Merino (inks), Tom Brevoort (editor)
Fantastic Four III#14-15 (February-March, 1999) - Chris Claremont (writer), Salvador Larroca (pencils), Art Thibert (inks), Bobbie Chase (editor)
Iron Man III#14 (March, 1999) - Kurt Busiek & Roger Stern (writer), Sean Chen (pencils), Larry Stucker & Eric Cannon (inks), Bobbie Chase (editor)
X-Man#55 (September, 1999) - Terry Kavanagh (writer), Mike Miller (pencils), Scott Elmer, Scott Koblish, Bud LaRosa (inks), Mike Thomas (editor)
X-Men II#100-101 (May-June, 2000) - Chris Claremont (writer), Leinil Francis Yu (pencils), Mark Morales (inks), Mark Powers (editor)
Maximum Security#1 (December, 2000) - Kurt Busiek (writer), Jerry Ordway (pencils), Al Vey, Will Blyberg, Paul Ryan, & Chris Ivy (inks), Tom Brevoort (editor)
X-Men: The Return (April, 2007) - Chris Roberson (author)
Last updated: 09/29/13
Non-Marvel Copyright info
All other characters mentioned or pictured are ™ and © 1941-2099 Marvel Characters, Inc. All Rights Reserved. If you like this stuff, you should check out the real thing!
Please visit The Marvel Official Site at: http://www.marvel.com
===Starcore One===
'''Starcore One''' was an orbiting laboratory satellite space station designed by NASA physicist Dr. [[Peter Corbeau]]. It first appeared in ''[[Hulk (comics)|Hulk]]'' #148 (Feb 1972) and was created by [[Archie Goodwin (comics)|Archie Goodwin]] and [[Herb Trimpe]]. Starcore was financed, launched, and manned under United Nations auspices, and primarily used for scientific observation of the sun. The station is notable for detecting the activities of [[Phoenix (comics)|Dark Phoenix]] in Earth's solar system.Somehow,like Mister Spock in he bad episode The altnitive Factor,Peter Corbeau knew the uiverse winked on and off,The station was destroyed by instabilities caused by a [[Shi'ar]] wormhole.Avengers #345
===Starcore Command===
'''Starcore Command''' was a control facility for the Starcore program, built after the destruction of Starcore One, and contracted to [[Stark Enterprises]]. It first appeared in [[Iron Man]] #319.
===Starcore Station===
'''Starcore Station''' was the successor to Starcore One. It first appeared in ''X-Men Unlimited'' #13.
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{Marvunapp|http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix4/corbeaupeter.htm#one|Starcore}}
[[Category:Marvel Comics objects]]
{{Marvel-comics-stub}}
{{fict-location-stub}}
Sickbay
Sickbay was the main medical center aboard Federation starships. Sickbay was presided over by the chief medical officer (CMO), a senior staff member. The CMO was supported by various doctors and nurses. The area was also used for certain analyses of new lifeforms a starship might encounter, and for developing treatments for unknown diseases or illnesses. When rendering aid to a stricken planet or spacecraft, the sickbay staff treated and cared for the wounded. On starbases, sickbay was typically called the infirmary.
Features
Intensive care unit
Galaxy-class intensive care unit
Three or four biobeds generally lined the walls of sickbay's intensive care unit, or ICU; these were for patients receiving medical care and were equipped with biofunction monitors. On Galaxy-class starships, private rooms were available for long-term patients. (TNG: "Ethics")
Surgical facilities
Main surgical bed in the Galaxy-class sickbay
Sickbays also had surgical beds, where major surgeries were performed and critical patients were treated. A large, sophisticated sensor cluster was usually installed directly above this bed. Working in conjunction with a medical tricorder, the sensor suite could give detailed information about a patient's condition. The bed was also designed to use a surgical support frame. This bed was often located in the center of the main sickbay room, although refit Constitution-class and Intrepid-class starships had separate spaces for their surgical beds, the former in a separate room, the latter in a small area that could be isolated by a force field. (Star Trek: The Motion Picture; VOY: "Caretaker", "Phage") If necessary, surgery could be conducted in the intensive care ward if there was an overflow of patients or if another patient was present to donate blood. (TOS: "Journey to Babel"; VOY: "Latent Image") Galaxy-class starships also had separate surgical rooms. (TNG: "Ethics")
Laboratories
The sickbay laboratory
Sickbays typically had small laboratory facilities attached to the ICU. The chief medical officer or other associated personnel could monitor experiments or run tests here during their duty shift. (TNG: "Evolution", "Clues", "The Game"; VOY: "Macrocosm") The laboratory was equipped with a full bioisolation field. (TNG: "Home Soil") Many starships also have separate, larger medlabs. Galaxy-class ships had at least four. (TNG: "Ethics"; Star Trek Nemesis)
The sickbay laboratory set as seen in "Evolution" was directly connected to the sickbay set by a glass door in the waiting area of Dr. Crusher's office. It was redressed several times, and also served as the tactical laboratory.
CMO's office
Chief medical officer's office in the Galaxy-class sickbay
The chief medical officer's office was also located in or near sickbay. As with the captain's ready room, it was an area for the CMO to work in privacy or conduct meetings with patients, staff, and others. Its close location allowed the CMO to be present in sickbay almost immediately. The space could be personalized, and the chief medical officer could use plants or paintings for decoration. Dr. Beverly Crusher had a large painting outside her office; it was an abstract representation of humanoid organs against the backdrop of space and several of the USS Enterprise starships.
Other features
The large master monitor of a Galaxy-class sickbay
Other treatment facilities available in a Galaxy-class sickbay included physical therapy rooms, (TNG: "Ethics") OB/GYN and nursery areas, (TNG: "The Child", "Data's Day") and an emergency bio support unit. (TNG: "Transfigurations") A stasis unit was also available, used to temporarily place patients in suspended animation for later treatment. (TNG: "Genesis") Constitution-class starships had a decompression chamber, and may have had other features as well. (TOS: "Space Seed", "The Empath", "The Lights of Zetar")
A morgue facility was also part of sickbay. On Galaxy-class starships, there was a large separate morgue, (TNG: "Man of the People", "Suspicions") although autopsies were performed in the main sickbay. (TNG: "Realm of Fear", "Suspicions") The Intrepid-class had a tiny area for storage of the deceased just off the medical lab as well as a separate morgue area. (VOY: "Basics, Part II", "Emanations", "Renaissance Man")
Supplies
Technical supply area in the Galaxy-class sickbay
Sickbays were well stocked with a variety of medical equipment and supplies. Much of it was left out on tables or benches for use by the medical crew, but some items were stored in cargo crates. (TNG: "Haven", "Starship Mine"; VOY: "Message in a Bottle") On 24th century starships, if a piece of equipment was needed but not available it could be replicated. A standard food replicator was also found in sickbay, (TNG: "Evolution", "Future Imperfect") although the quality of the food did not appear to have improved much since the twentieth century. (TNG: "Ethics")
Security
Due to its critical importance, the primary sickbay was usually located deep within the saucer section of most Federation starships. Sickbays were well-protected, and generally had a phaser locker for defense of the facility in the event the ship was boarded. (TNG: "Starship Mine", "Timescape")
Psychology
Sickbays could provide limited psychological services to a starship's crew. In the 23rd century, the ship's doctor often doubled as an informal counselor. (TOS: "The Cage") By the 24th century, counselors became a normal part of starship crews. Although not formally part of the medical staff, the counselor played an important role in the well-being of the crew. (TNG: "Relics") Counselors were not always assigned to starships, especially smaller vessels with limited missions. While the USS Voyager was stranded in the Delta Quadrant, the ship's Emergency Medical Hologram and morale officer Neelix informally filled the counselor roles. (Star Trek: Voyager)
Emergency situations
Triage
When a large scale disaster was encountered by a starship, cargo bays and shuttlebays could be used as triage centers and even morgues if necessary. Generally, this was only feasible on larger ships with a sizable medical staff. On Galaxy-class ships, a chief medical officer could order all Starfleet crewmembers and civilians with medical training to assist during a major crisis. (TNG: "Night Terrors", "Ethics") Galaxy-class starships also carried large quantities of backup medical supplies in the event of disaster. (TNG: "Preemptive Strike")
Designated environmental shelters could also be converted for medical use, such as Ten Forward on the Galaxy-class. (TNG: "Night Terrors", "Disaster") On the Intrepid-class USS Voyager, the mess hall often served as a backup to sickbay. (VOY: "Macrocosm", "Before and After", "Year of Hell", "Memorial")
The Emergency Medical Hologram
The Emergency Medical Hologram was an asset to medical personnel introduced in 2370. It could be activated in the event of a major emergency or loss of the medical staff. Although its value was indisputable, many Starfleet doctors, including Beverly Crusher, were not fond of the program, and it was rewritten several times. (Star Trek: First Contact; DS9: "Doctor Bashir, I Presume"; VOY: "Life Line") One noteworthy EMH was The Doctor of the USS Voyager. He was activated shortly after the ship's disappearance in 2371, and served as their chief medical officer for nearly seven years, growing into a sentient being in the process. (VOY: "Caretaker", "Endgame")
Differences among starship classes
NX-class
Sickbay aboard an NX-class starship
Several side beds in an NX-class sickbay
The NX-class had a single sickbay ward on E Deck. The room contained a main operating table, as well as several side beds for recovery of patients and an imaging chamber. It was also easily capable of caring for non-humanoid patients. The facility was open-plan, with laboratory equipment in the main sickbay area. Aboard Enterprise NX-01, Dr. Phlox often kept various different species of animals in sickbay, which he would sometimes use in the treatment of injuries in lieu of more traditional treatments. One such animal was an osmotic eel. (ENT: "These Are the Voyages...", "Fight or Flight", "A Night in Sickbay", "Broken Bow")
One early concept sketch of the NX-class sickbay was illustrated by John Eaves. His boss, Production Designer Herman Zimmerman, initially reckoned that – because the final design of the room made it look quite similar to a contemporary hospital ward – viewers might at first think it seemed like it was an area from the TV series ER. (Star Trek: Communicator issue 135, p. 65) While Eaves was busy conceiving the look of the NX-class bridge stations, the sickbay was one of several areas that Art Director Louise Dorton adopted the task of designing, still under Zimmerman's supervision. (Star Trek: The Magazine Volume 2, Issue 7, p. 51)
Kelvin-type
Door to a sickbay aboard a Kelvin-type ship
The Kelvin-type sickbay was a brightly white-lit room, furnished with at least one biobed. Next to the bed were a couple of free-standing consoles and two overhead monitors.
In the novelization of Star Trek, the USS Kelvin's medical bay is described as being on deck nine of the ship.
Constitution-class
This article or section is incomplete
This page is marked as lacking essential detail, and needs attention. Information regarding expansion requirements may be found on the article's talk page. Feel free to edit this page to assist with this expansion.
Sickbay aboard a Constitution-class starship (post-2270s refit)
On Constitution-class starships, sickbay was located on Deck 5. (TOS: "Mirror, Mirror") It was maintained and operated by the Astro-Medicine Department. There were at least four wards. (TOS: "The Naked Time") In addition to this ward, there was an isolation ward. (TOS: "Turnabout Intruder") It was completely redesigned during the refit of the USS Enterprise, much to the chagrin of Dr. McCoy. (Star Trek: The Motion Picture; Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country)
Sickbay aboard a Constitution-class starship (post-2290s refit)
By 2293, the sickbay on Constitution-class starships was redesigned yet again. (Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country)
It should be noted that while "Mirror, Mirror" put sickbay on Deck 5, most Constitution-class blueprints instead put it on Deck 7. The sickbay was also once referred to as a "dispensary". (TOS: "The Man Trap") Additionally, wards were redesignated following the refit. Before the refit, they were identified by number; after, by letter. (TOS: "The Man Trap", "The Naked Time"; Star Trek: The Motion Picture, text commentary by Michael Okuda who names two of the wards as Ward A and Ward B.)
Features
Intensive care unit
Galaxy-class intensive care unit
Three or four biobeds generally lined the walls of sickbay's intensive care unit, or ICU; these were for patients receiving medical care and were equipped with biofunction monitors. On Galaxy-class starships, private rooms were available for long-term patients. (TNG: "Ethics")
Surgical facilities
Main surgical bed in the Galaxy-class sickbay
Sickbays also had surgical beds, where major surgeries were performed and critical patients were treated. A large, sophisticated sensor cluster was usually installed directly above this bed. Working in conjunction with a medical tricorder, the sensor suite could give detailed information about a patient's condition. The bed was also designed to use a surgical support frame. This bed was often located in the center of the main sickbay room, although refit Constitution-class and Intrepid-class starships had separate spaces for their surgical beds, the former in a separate room, the latter in a small area that could be isolated by a force field. (Star Trek: The Motion Picture; VOY: "Caretaker", "Phage") If necessary, surgery could be conducted in the intensive care ward if there was an overflow of patients or if another patient was present to donate blood. (TOS: "Journey to Babel"; VOY: "Latent Image") Galaxy-class starships also had separate surgical rooms. (TNG: "Ethics")
Laboratories
The sickbay laboratory
Sickbays typically had small laboratory facilities attached to the ICU. The chief medical officer or other associated personnel could monitor experiments or run tests here during their duty shift. (TNG: "Evolution", "Clues", "The Game"; VOY: "Macrocosm") The laboratory was equipped with a full bioisolation field. (TNG: "Home Soil") Many starships also have separate, larger medlabs. Galaxy-class ships had at least four. (TNG: "Ethics"; Star Trek Nemesis)
The sickbay laboratory set as seen in "Evolution" was directly connected to the sickbay set by a glass door in the waiting area of Dr. Crusher's office. It was redressed several times, and also served as the tactical laboratory.
CMO's office
Chief medical officer's office in the Galaxy-class sickbay
The chief medical officer's office was also located in or near sickbay. As with the captain's ready room, it was an area for the CMO to work in privacy or conduct meetings with patients, staff, and others. Its close location allowed the CMO to be present in sickbay almost immediately. The space could be personalized, and the chief medical officer could use plants or paintings for decoration. Dr. Beverly Crusher had a large painting outside her office; it was an abstract representation of humanoid organs against the backdrop of space and several of the USS Enterprise starships.
Other features
The large master monitor of a Galaxy-class sickbay
Other treatment facilities available in a Galaxy-class sickbay included physical therapy rooms, (TNG: "Ethics") OB/GYN and nursery areas, (TNG: "The Child", "Data's Day") and an emergency bio support unit. (TNG: "Transfigurations") A stasis unit was also available, used to temporarily place patients in suspended animation for later treatment. (TNG: "Genesis") Constitution-class starships had a decompression chamber, and may have had other features as well. (TOS: "Space Seed", "The Empath", "The Lights of Zetar")
A morgue facility was also part of sickbay. On Galaxy-class starships, there was a large separate morgue, (TNG: "Man of the People", "Suspicions") although autopsies were performed in the main sickbay. (TNG: "Realm of Fear", "Suspicions") The Intrepid-class had a tiny area for storage of the deceased just off the medical lab as well as a separate morgue area. (VOY: "Basics, Part II", "Emanations", "Renaissance Man")
Supplies
Technical supply area in the Galaxy-class sickbay
Sickbays were well stocked with a variety of medical equipment and supplies. Much of it was left out on tables or benches for use by the medical crew, but some items were stored in cargo crates. (TNG: "Haven", "Starship Mine"; VOY: "Message in a Bottle") On 24th century starships, if a piece of equipment was needed but not available it could be replicated. A standard food replicator was also found in sickbay, (TNG: "Evolution", "Future Imperfect") although the quality of the food did not appear to have improved much since the twentieth century. (TNG: "Ethics")
Security
Due to its critical importance, the primary sickbay was usually located deep within the saucer section of most Federation starships. Sickbays were well-protected, and generally had a phaser locker for defense of the facility in the event the ship was boarded. (TNG: "Starship Mine", "Timescape")
Psychology
Sickbays could provide limited psychological services to a starship's crew. In the 23rd century, the ship's doctor often doubled as an informal counselor. (TOS: "The Cage") By the 24th century, counselors became a normal part of starship crews. Although not formally part of the medical staff, the counselor played an important role in the well-being of the crew. (TNG: "Relics") Counselors were not always assigned to starships, especially smaller vessels with limited missions. While the USS Voyager was stranded in the Delta Quadrant, the ship's Emergency Medical Hologram and morale officer Neelix informally filled the counselor roles. (Star Trek: Voyager)
Emergency situations
Triage
When a large scale disaster was encountered by a starship, cargo bays and shuttlebays could be used as triage centers and even morgues if necessary. Generally, this was only feasible on larger ships with a sizable medical staff. On Galaxy-class ships, a chief medical officer could order all Starfleet crewmembers and civilians with medical training to assist during a major crisis. (TNG: "Night Terrors", "Ethics") Galaxy-class starships also carried large quantities of backup medical supplies in the event of disaster. (TNG: "Preemptive Strike")
Designated environmental shelters could also be converted for medical use, such as Ten Forward on the Galaxy-class. (TNG: "Night Terrors", "Disaster") On the Intrepid-class USS Voyager, the mess hall often served as a backup to sickbay. (VOY: "Macrocosm", "Before and After", "Year of Hell", "Memorial")
The Emergency Medical Hologram
The Emergency Medical Hologram was an asset to medical personnel introduced in 2370. It could be activated in the event of a major emergency or loss of the medical staff. Although its value was indisputable, many Starfleet doctors, including Beverly Crusher, were not fond of the program, and it was rewritten several times. (Star Trek: First Contact; DS9: "Doctor Bashir, I Presume"; VOY: "Life Line") One noteworthy EMH was The Doctor of the USS Voyager. He was activated shortly after the ship's disappearance in 2371, and served as their chief medical officer for nearly seven years, growing into a sentient being in the process. (VOY: "Caretaker", "Endgame")
Differences among starship classes
NX-class
Sickbay aboard an NX-class starship
Several side beds in an NX-class sickbay
The NX-class had a single sickbay ward on E Deck. The room contained a main operating table, as well as several side beds for recovery of patients and an imaging chamber. It was also easily capable of caring for non-humanoid patients. The facility was open-plan, with laboratory equipment in the main sickbay area. Aboard Enterprise NX-01, Dr. Phlox often kept various different species of animals in sickbay, which he would sometimes use in the treatment of injuries in lieu of more traditional treatments. One such animal was an osmotic eel. (ENT: "These Are the Voyages...", "Fight or Flight", "A Night in Sickbay", "Broken Bow")
One early concept sketch of the NX-class sickbay was illustrated by John Eaves. His boss, Production Designer Herman Zimmerman, initially reckoned that – because the final design of the room made it look quite similar to a contemporary hospital ward – viewers might at first think it seemed like it was an area from the TV series ER. (Star Trek: Communicator issue 135, p. 65) While Eaves was busy conceiving the look of the NX-class bridge stations, the sickbay was one of several areas that Art Director Louise Dorton adopted the task of designing, still under Zimmerman's supervision. (Star Trek: The Magazine Volume 2, Issue 7, p. 51)
Kelvin-type
Door to a sickbay aboard a Kelvin-type ship
The Kelvin-type sickbay was a brightly white-lit room, furnished with at least one biobed. Next to the bed were a couple of free-standing consoles and two overhead monitors.
In the novelization of Star Trek, the USS Kelvin's medical bay is described as being on deck nine of the ship.
Constitution-class
This article or section is incomplete
This page is marked as lacking essential detail, and needs attention. Information regarding expansion requirements may be found on the article's talk page. Feel free to edit this page to assist with this expansion.
Sickbay aboard a Constitution-class starship (post-2270s refit)
On Constitution-class starships, sickbay was located on Deck 5. (TOS: "Mirror, Mirror") It was maintained and operated by the Astro-Medicine Department. There were at least four wards. (TOS: "The Naked Time") In addition to this ward, there was an isolation ward. (TOS: "Turnabout Intruder") It was completely redesigned during the refit of the USS Enterprise, much to the chagrin of Dr. McCoy. (Star Trek: The Motion Picture; Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country)
Sickbay aboard a Constitution-class starship (post-2290s refit)
By 2293, the sickbay on Constitution-class starships was redesigned yet again. (Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country)
It should be noted that while "Mirror, Mirror" put sickbay on Deck 5, most Constitution-class blueprints instead put it on Deck 7. The sickbay was also once referred to as a "dispensary". (TOS: "The Man Trap") Additionally, wards were redesignated following the refit. Before the refit, they were identified by number; after, by letter. (TOS: "The Man Trap", "The Naked Time"; Star Trek: The Motion Picture, text commentary by Michael Okuda who names two of the wards as Ward A and Ward B.)
Thursday, April 30, 2015
Time-Vault
Contents[hide]
1 Type One Time-Vault
2 Type Two Time-Vault
3 Historical usage
4 Type One Time-Vault
5 Type Two Time-Vault
6 Type Three Time-Vault
7 Features
8 History
9 Design
10 Manufacturing process
10.1 Panels
10.2 Door
10.3 Lock
10.4 Installation
11 Performance standards
12 Byproducts/waste
13 Future
14 References
15 Further reading
15.1 Books
15.2 Periodicals
16 External links
[[File:New_Genisis_Bunker_front_blue2onevbb.jpg|frame|new genisis bunker]]
_-VIKING-Battle-For-Asgard-PS3-_.jpg
TONY VINCENT Project_Time_Stalkers,Inc.jpg|Project Time-Stalkers,Inc.
[[File:Time_vault_FotoFlexer_Photoq1.jpg|thumb]]_-VIKING-Battle-For-Asgard-PS3-_.jpg
TONY VINCENT Project_Time_Stalkers,Inc.jpg|Project Time-Stalkers,Inc.
A Time-Vault is a fictional device or structure,used to preserve or store items for safe keeping,existing within the worlds of the Maveric Multiverse.These type of Time-Vaults have remained standard room sized vault,but contain such things as a Time-Space Jump Points.
==Type One Time-Vault ==
A small'''bank vault''' (or '''strongroom''') is a secure space where money, valuables, records, and documents can be stored,outside of time and space. It is intended to protect their contents from theft, unauthorized use, fire, natural disasters, and other threats, just like a [[safe]]. But unlike safes, vaults are an integral part of the building within which they are built, using armored walls and a tightly fashioned door closed with a complex [[Lock (device)|lock]].Generally,they have size limitations,but act and function in a similar to small,scaled down [[New Genisis Bunkers]].The Vault itself was around three storeys high, with a large column running through the middle that was an extension of the fountain above; at its base lay the Zero-Point Generator,that provides continueous power for the vault ,with an emergency paragravity generator,that lighten the instellations overall weight. The Time-Vault had two means of access: an elevator lift that moves into the upper levels,often disguised as a house or store front and four starwell that lead entrance hidden in a tourism office. the military base scenes in and the booby-trapped abandoned warehouse scenes in "These type of Time-Vaults have remained standard multi room sized vault,but contain such things as prisoners section, a Time-Space Jump Points.
==Type Two Time-Vault==
A huge building ''' bank vault''' (or '''strongroom''') is a secure space where money, valuables, records, equiptment and documents can be stored, outside of time and space. It is intended to protect their contents from theft, unauthorized use, fire, natural disasters, and other threats, just like a [[safe]]. But unlike safes, vaults are an integral part of the building within which they are built, using armored walls and a tightly fashioned door closed with a complex [[Lock (device)|lock]].Generally, they have size limitations, but act and function in a similar to small, scaled down [[New Genesis Bunkers]],just like Type One Time-Vaults. The diffecences, Type Two Time-Vault also not apart of a building,but can built as the buildings themselves.
These Type Two Time-Vaults became sort scaled down version of[[New Genisis Bunkers]],to be used store more various items and equiptment,but to be uses a safehouse or bases of operations,for various groups or individuals.
===Other uses===Four Satellite Time-Vaults used during ''No Man's Land''.(clockwise from top left). Central Batcave (Robinson Park Reservoir), Batcave South (A boiler room beneath Paris Island), Northwest Batcave (a subbasement of Arkham Asylum), and Batcave East (Wayne Enterprises-owned oil refinery). Art by Stan Boch.]][[Image:Batcave South-Central.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Batcave South-Central (Old Gotham prototype subway station). From ''Batman: No Man's Land'' #0. Art by Greg Land.]]The Outsiders were, for a time, based out of a Batcave in [[Los Angeles]]. After [[Bane (comics)|Bane]]'s attack during the ''Knightfall'' story arc, Bruce Wayne swore that he'd never be caught unprepared to defend [[Gotham City]] ever again. When Dick Grayson assumed the Mantle of the Bat during the ''Prodigal'' storyline, Bruce established satellite Batcaves (most of which were not caves in the literal sense that the original one was) throughout the city on areas either owned by him, his company, or unknown or abandoned by the city, in the event that he needed a place to hide and/or resupply, which were pivotal during the ''No Man's Land'' storyline. One such Batcave was given to [[Cassandra Cain|Batgirl]], below a house owned by Bruce Wayne himself, during a point where her identity was compromised after she saved a man from rogue government agents, meaning that she could not walk around without a mask. The other satellite Batcaves introduced during ''No Man's Land'' were: *'''Central Batcave''': Located fifty feet below the bottom of Robinson Park Reservoir, it is accessible through a secret entrance at the foot of one of the Twelve Caesars statues at the north of the park. This safehouse was put out of commission by [[Poison Ivy (comics)|Poison Ivy]], her "Feraks", and [[Clayface]].''Batman: No Man's Land Secret Files'' #1 *'''Batcave South''': A boiler room of a derelict shipping yard on the docks across from Paris Island. This safehouse is accessible through a number of false manholes planted throughout Old Gotham streets. *'''Batcave South-Central''': Located in the Old Gotham prototype subway station, a four-block stretch of track sealed in 1896 and forgotten. *'''Northwest Batcave''': This safehouse is located in the subbasement of [[Arkham Asylum]]. Batman secretly stocked it with emergency rations, all-terrain vehicles, and battery-powered communication equipment. *'''Batcave East''': An abandoned oil refinery owned by Wayne Enterprises. It fell out of use during a gasoline crisis when the company moved all of its holdings offshore decades ago. *'''Arkham Island Batcave''': Over the years, Batman gathered supplies for a Batcave on Arkham Island, as a preemptive measure for any attack on the asylum. He finally utilized it during the events of the video game ''[[Batman: Arkham Asylum]]'', but it was for the most part destroyed by the Titan-powered Poison Ivy. It's also implied that Joker knew about, or at least suspected the existence of this cave, as he dispatched his henchmen into the sewers of Arkham to find it, most likely because Joker has been fighting Batman for so long and knows that he would have a contingency plan for just such an emergency. Another was introduced in 2002's ''[[Bruce Wayne: Fugitive|Fugitive]]'' story arc, this time in the form of an abandoned submarine. ====Bat Bunker====[[Image:BatBunker.jpg|180px|thumb|right|Bat Bunker in ''Batman and Robin'']]Under the [[Wayne Foundation]] building, there is a secret bunker. As of ''Batman'' #687, [[Dick Grayson]] has taken to using this as his "Batcave", stating that he wishes to embody the role of Batman in a way that is specific to him as well as getting closer to the action in the city. This is similar to the bunker seen in the 2008 film ''The Dark Knight''. The bunker is as well-equipped as the original Batcave, including the Subway Rocket vehicle stationed beneath the bunker.
'''safe house''' is, in a generic sense, a secret place for sanctuary or suitable to hide persons from the law, hostile actors or actions, or from retribution, threats or perceived danger.The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] defines it as: "a house in a secret location, used by spies or criminals in hiding." Oxford English Dictionary It may also be a [[metaphor]].
==Historical usage==
* in the [[jargon]] of [[law enforcement agency|law enforcement]] and [[intelligence agency|intelligence]] agencies, is a secure location, suitable for hiding witnesses, agents or other persons perceived as being in danger
* a place where people may go to avoid [[prosecution]] of their activities by [[authority|authorities]]. [[Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad]] has been described as a "safe house".
* a place where [[spy|undercover operatives]] may conduct clandestine observations or meet other operatives surreptitiously{{Cite news | author=Greg Miller | title= CIA used safe house to spy on bin Laden | url= http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/11127/1144836-82.stm | work=The Washington Post | date=7 May 2011 | accessdate=15 October 2012}}
* a location where a trusted adult or family or charity organization provides a [[wikt:safe haven|safe haven]] for victims of [[domestic abuse]] (see also: men and/or [[women's shelter]] or refuge)
* a home of a trusted person, family or organization where victims of war and/or persecution may take refuge, receive protection and/or live in secret
* [[Right of asylum]]
* [[Sanctuary#Sanctuary in medieval law|sanctuary in medieval law]]
* [[Sanctuary#Sanctuary in modern times|sanctuary in modern times]]
* [[Church asylum]]
Typically, the significance of safe houses is kept [[secret]] from all but a limited number of people, for the safety of those hidden within them.
Many religious institutions will allow one to obtain [[Sanctuary#Right of asylum|sanctuary]] within one's place of worship, and some governments respect and do not violate such sanctuary.
Safe houses were an integral part of the [[Underground Railroad]], the network of safe house locations that were used to assist slaves in escaping to the primarily northern free states in the 19th century United States. Some houses were marked with a statue of an African-American man holding a lantern, called "the Lantern Holder".{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-02-23-2269591966_x.htm |title=Man amasses black history treasure trove - |accessdate=2010-05-28 |work=USA Today |first=Kathy |last=Matheson |date=2008-02-23}}{{cite book |title=I've Got a Home in Glory Land: A Lost Tale of the Underground Railroad|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ANv1C6liU1QC|first1=Karolyn Smardz |last1=Frost |place=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-374-16481-2}}
Safe houses also provided a refuge for victims of [[Nazi]] persecution and for escaping [[prisoners of war]]. Victims, such as [[Anne Frank]] and her family, were harbored clandestinely for extended periods of time. Other Jewish victims hidden from the Germans were [[Philip Slier]] and his extended family and friends.{{cite book | last = Slier | first = Philip "Flip" | authorlink = | coauthors = Deborah Slier | title = Hidden Letters | publisher = Star Bright Books | series = | volume =| edition = illustrated | year = 2008 | location = New York | pages = 10, 159, 160, 161 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 1887734880 | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}
== See also ==
{{Portal|Law enforcement}}
*[[Right of asylum|Asylum]]
*[[Safe harbor]]
*[[Safe haven (disambiguation)]]
*[[Sanctuary cities]]
*[[Sanctuary movement]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
== Sources ==
* Slier, Philip "Flip" & Slier, Deborah. ''Hidden Letters: The Hidden Letters of Flip Slier''. Star Bright Books, 2008. ISBN 1887734880.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Safe House}}
==Type Three Time-Vault==
a kind of huge Time-Vault,used to secure space where money, valuables, records,equiptment and documents can be stored,outside of time and space,too dangerous to allowed out among the populas.
== '''Features''' ==
Separate security towers and administration building; main citadel (security staging areas, administrative offices); self-contained cells in subterranean levels, each cell has reconfigurable walls for differentiated accomodation; isolation pit/cells; self-contained nuclear power facility.
Several eons ago, the United Kingdoms of Atlantis tried to solve the problem of incarcerating superhuman criminals and extraterrestrial lifeforms,to dangerous to allowed freedom by creating the maximum security prison termed “the Vault.” It had many advantages over more conventional prisons, as it contained multiple subterranean levels, was constructed from near-impervious materials such as either Atlanteanor steel, and used various power-dampening devices. An additional factor in the Vault’s early success was the fact that its location, deep within the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, was kept top secret from all but the most necessary personnel and government officials.
In the beginning, the Vault lived up to its expectations, becoming an effective internment for superhuman criminals. Most villains feared the Vault’s reputation as an “inescapable” prison, partly because it was so shrouded in secret. However, many would attempt to break out of the Vault, particularly Venom. His most notable attempted break-out occurred during the tenure of the warden Truman Marsh. Marsh had instituted a number of hard-line policies against the inmates, and Venom was able to recruit a veritable army in hopes of escaping. However, Marsh clamped down on the entire facility, setting a bomb to detonate rather than allow any to escape. The Avengers and Freedom Force combined their efforts to break into the prison, subdue the inmates, and defuse the bomb. Unfortunately, Marsh was killed by Venom in the process
{{Redirect|Strongroom|the 1962 British crime drama|Strongroom (film)}}
[[File:WinonaSavingsBankVault.JPG|thumb|300px|Large door to an old [[Diebold]] bank vault. On the right is the back side of the open door. To the right of the door's center are two linked lock mechanism boxes for the dual combination dials. To the left of the door's center is a timelock with its four movements.]]
A '''bank vault''' (or '''strongroom''') is a secure space where money, valuables, records, and documents can be stored. It is intended to protect their contents from theft, unauthorized use, fire, natural disasters, and other threats, just like a [[safe]]. But unlike safes, vaults are an integral part of the building within which they are built, using armored walls and a tightly fashioned door closed with a complex [[Lock (device)|lock]].
Historically, strongrooms were built in the [[basement]] of a bank where the ceilings were [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted]], hence the name. Modern bank vaults typically contain many [[safe deposit box]]es, as well as places for teller cash drawers, and other valuable assets of the bank or its customers. They are also common in other buildings where valuables are kept such as post offices, grand hotels, rare book libraries and certain government ministries.
Vault technology developed in a type of arms race with bank robbers. As [[burglar]]s came up with new ways to break into vaults, vault makers found innovative ways to foil them. Modern vaults may be armed with a wide array of alarms and anti-theft devices. Some nineteenth and early twentieth century vaults were built so well that today they are almost impossible to destroy. These older vaults were typically made with [[Reinforced concrete|steel-reinforced concrete]]. The walls were usually at least 1 ft (0.3 m) thick, and the door itself was typically 3.5 ft (1.1 m) thick. Total weight ran into the hundreds of tons. Today vaults are made with thinner, lighter materials that, while still secure, are easier to dismantle than their earlier counterparts.
==History==
[[File:Bank vault 1901.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Strongroom from 1901]]
The need for secure storage stretches far back in time. The earliest known locks were made by the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]]. [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] used a more sophisticated locking system, called [[warded lock]]s. Warded locks had special notches and grooves that made picking them more difficult. Lock technology advanced independently in ancient [[India]], [[Ancient Russia|Russia]], and [[History of China#Ancient China|China]], where the [[combination lock]] is thought to have originated. In the United States, most banks relied on small iron [[safe]]s fitted with a key lock up until the middle of the nineteenth century. After the [[California Gold Rush|Gold Rush]] of 1849, unsuccessful [[Prospecting|prospector]]s turned to robbing banks. The prospectors would often break into the bank using a pickax and hammer. The safe was usually small enough that the thief could get it out a window, and take it to a secluded spot to break it open.
Banks demanded more protection and safe makers responded by designing larger, heavier safes. Safes with a key lock were still vulnerable through the key hole, and bank robbers soon learned to blast off the door by pouring explosives in this opening. In 1861, inventor [[Linus Yale Jr.]] introduced the modern combination lock. Bankers quickly adopted [[Yale (company)|Yale]]'s lock for their safes, but bank robbers came up with several ways to get past the new invention. It was possible to use force to punch the combination lock through the door. Other experienced burglars learned to drill holes into the lock case and use mirrors to view the slots in the combination wheels inside the mechanism. A more direct approach was to simply kidnap the bank manager and force him to reveal the combination.
After the inventions of the combination lock, James Sargent—an employee of Yale—developed the "theft proof lock." This was a combination lock that worked on a timer. The vault or safe door could only be opened after a set number of hours had passed, thus a kidnapped bank employee could not open the lock in the middle of the night even under force. [[Time lock]]s became widespread at banks in the 1870s. This reduced the kidnappings, but set bank robbers to work again at prying or blasting open vaults. Thieves developed tools for forcing open a tiny crack between the vault door and frame. As the crack widened, the thieves levered the door open or poured in gunpowder and blasted it off. Vault makers responded with a series of stair-stepped grooves in the door frame so the door could not be levered open. But these grooves proved ideal for a new weapon: liquid [[nitroglycerin]]. Professional bank robbers learned to boil [[dynamite]] in a kettle of water and skim the nitroglycerin off the top. They could drip this volatile liquid into the door grooves and destroy the door. Vault makers subsequently redesigned their doors so they closed with a thick, smooth, tapered plug. The plug fit so tightly that there was no room for the nitroglycerin.
By the 1920s, most banks avoided using safes and instead turned to gigantic, heavy vaults with walls and doors several feet thick. These were meant to withstand not only robbers but also angry mobs and natural disasters. Despite the new security measures, these vaults were still vulnerable to yet another new invention, the [[cutting torch]]. Burning oxygen and [[acetylene]] gas at about {{convert|6000|°F|°C|-2}}, the torch could easily cut through steel. It was in use as early as 1907, but became widespread with World War I. Robbers used cutting torches in over 200 bank robberies in 1924 alone. Manufacturers learned to sandwich a copper alloy into vault doors. If heated, the high thermal conductivity of copper dissipates the heat to prevent melting or burning. After this design improvement, bank burglaries fell off and were far less common at the end of the 1920s than at the beginning of the decade.
Technology continues in the race with bank robbers, coming up with new devices such as [[heat sensor]]s, [[motion detector]]s, and alarms. Bank robbers have in turn developed even more technological tools to find ways around these systems. Although the number of bank robberies has been cut dramatically, they are still attempted.
Materials used in vaults and vault doors have changed as well. The earlier vaults had steel doors, but because these could easily be cut by torches, different materials were tried. Massive cast iron doors had more resistance to acetylene torches than steel. The modern preferred vault door material is actually the same concrete as used in the vault wall panels. It is usually clad in steel for cosmetic reasons.
==Design==
[[File:TIFF Image File0003.TIF|thumb|200px|Vault of a retail bank under demolition.]]
Bank vaults are built as custom orders. The vault is usually the first aspect of a new bank building to be designed and built. The manufacturing process begins with the design of the vault, and the rest of the bank is built around it. The vault manufacturer consults with the customer to determine factors such as the total vault size, desired shape, and location of the door. After the customer signs off on the design, the manufacturer configures the equipment to make the vault panels and door. The customer usually orders the vault to be delivered and installed. That is, the vault manufacturer not only makes the vault parts, but brings the parts to the construction site and puts them together.
Bank vaults are typically made with steel-reinforced concrete. This material was not substantially different from that used in construction work. It relied on its immense thickness for strength. An ordinary vault from the middle of the 20th century might have been 18 in (45.72 cm) thick and was quite heavy and difficult to remove or remodel around. Modern bank vaults are now typically made of modular concrete panels using a special proprietary blend of concrete and additives for extreme strength. The concrete has been engineered for maximum crush resistance. A panel of this material, though only 3 in (7.62 cm) thick, may be up to 10 times as strong as an 18 in-thick (45.72-cm) panel of regular formula concrete.
There are at least two public examples of vaults withstanding a nuclear blast. The most famous is the Teikoku Bank in [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Hiroshima]] whose two [[Mosler Safe Company]] vaults survived the atomic blast with all contents intact. The bank manager wrote a congratulatory note to Mosler.{{cite web|title=Letters of Note: Your Products are Stronger than the Atomic Bomb | url=http://www.lettersofnote.com/2010/09/safe.html |accessdate=16 September 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100919151038/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2010/09/safe.html| archivedate= 19 September 2010 | deadurl= no}}{{cite web|title=Unbreakable: Hiroshima and the Mosler Safe Company | url= http://conelrad.blogspot.com/2010/08/unbreakable-hiroshima-and-mosler-safe.html |publisher=CONELRAD Adjacent |accessdate=26 August 2010}} A second is a vault at the [[Nevada National Security Site]] (formerly the Nevada Test Site) in which an above ground Mosler vault was one of many structures specifically constructed to be exposed to an atomic blast.{{cite web|title=A Nuclear Family Vacation| url=http://www.slate.com/id/2122382/entry/2122387/ |publisher=Slate Magazine |accessdate=11 July 2005| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20050713012637/http://www.slate.com/id/2122382/entry/2122387/| archivedate= 13 July 2005 | deadurl= no}}{{cite web|title=Slate's Well-Traveled: A Nuclear Family Vacation | url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4755708 |publisher=NPR |accessdate=15 July 2005}}
==Manufacturing process==
===Panels===
The wall panels are molded first using a special [[reinforced concrete]] mix. In addition to the usual cement powder, stone, etc., additional materials such as metal shavings or abrasive materials may be added to resist drilling penetration of the slab. Unlike regular concrete used in construction, the concrete for bank vaults is so thick that it cannot be poured. The consistency of concrete is measured by its "[[Concrete Slump Test|slump]]." Vault concrete has zero slump. It also sets very quickly, curing in only six to 12 hours, instead of the three to four days needed for most concrete.{{cite web|title=Discovery Channel (UK) How Do They Do It? (Season 3 / Episode 7 / Part 2) Diebold Vault Construction (Youtube)|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oefNi2iNFEo|accessdate=28 December 2010}}{{cite web|title=Hercvlite Vault Panels | url=http://www.vaultstructures.com/hercvlite.php|accessdate=28 December 2010}}
*A network of reinforcing steel rods are manually placed into the damp mix.
*The molds are vibrated for several hours. The vibration settles the material and eliminates air pockets.
*The edges are smoothed with a trowel, and the concrete is allowed to harden.
*The panels are removed from the mold and placed on a truck for transport to the customer's construction site.
===Door===
The vault door is also molded of special concrete used to make the panels, but it can be made in several ways. The door mold differs from the panel molds because there is a hole for the lock and the door will be clad in stainless steel. Some manufacturers use the steel cladding as the mold and pour the concrete directly into it. Other manufacturers use a regular mold and screw the steel on after the panel is dry.
Round vault doors were popular in the early 20th century and are iconic images for a bank's high security. They fell out of favor due to manufacturing complexities, maintenance issues (door sag due to weight) and cost, but a few examples are still available.{{cite web|title=Vault Structure Inc. Round Vault Doors | url=http://www.vaultstructures.com/round.php|accessdate=28 December 2010}}{{cite web|title=VSI 360 Round Vault Door | url=http://fspa1.com/pdf/Round_Vault_Door.pdf|accessdate=28 December 2010}}
A day gate is a second door inside the main vault door frame used for limited vault protection while the main door is open. It is often made of open metal mesh or glass and is intended to keep a casual visitor out rather than to provide true security.{{cite web|title=Installation Instructions for Overly GSA Class 5 Vault Door|url=http://www.overly.com/door/tech/docs/ins-gsaCL5.pdf|publisher=Overly Door Company|accessdate=28 December 2010}}
===Lock===
A vault door, much like the smaller burglary safe door, is secured with numerous massive metal bolts (cylinders) extending from the door into the surrounding frame. Holding those bolts in place is some sort of lock. The lock is invariably mounted on the inside (behind) of the difficult to penetrate door and is usually very modest in size and strength, but very difficult to gain access to from the outside. There are many types of lock mechanisms in use:
*A [[combination lock]] similar in principle to that of a padlock or safe door is very common. This is usually a mechanical device but products incorporating both mechanical and electronic mechanisms are available, making certain safe cracking techniques very difficult.{{cite web|title=Kaba-MAS X-09 and CDX-09 High Security Locks|url=http://www.kaba-mas.com/pdf/brochures/x_09.pdf|pages=8|format=PDF|date=Dec 2010}}
*High security key locks are used in a few vault doors.{{cite news|title=The Untold Story of the World's Biggest Diamond Heist|url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/magazine/17-04/ff_diamonds?currentPage=all|publisher=Wired Magazine|accessdate=3 December 2009|date=12 March 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091108121455/http://www.wired.com/politics/law/magazine/17-04/ff_diamonds?currentPage=all| archivedate= 8 November 2009 | deadurl= no}}
*A dual control (dual custody) combination lock has two dials controlling two locking mechanisms for the door. They are usually configured so that both locks must be dialed open at the same time for the door to be unlocked. No single person is given both combinations, requiring two people to cooperate to open the door. Some doors may be configured so that either dial will unlock the door, trading off increased convenience for lessened security.
*A [[time lock]] is a clock that prevents the vault's door from opening until a specified number of hours have passed. This is still the "theft proof" lock system that Sargent invented in the late nineteenth century. Such locks are manufactured by only a few companies worldwide. The locking system is supplied to the vault manufacturer preassembled.
* Many [[safe-cracking]] techniques also apply to the locking mechanism of the vault door. They may be complicated by the sheer thickness and strength of the door and panel.
===Installation===
*The finished vault panels, door, and lock assembly are transported to the bank construction site. The vault manufacturer's workers then place the panels enclosed in steel at the designated spots and weld them together. The vault manufacturer may also supply an alarm system, which is installed at the same time. While older vaults employed various weapons against burglars, such as blasts of steam or teargas, modern vaults instead use technological countermeasures. They can be wired with a listening device that picks up unusual sounds, or observed with a [[CCTV|camera]]. An alarm is often present to alert local police if the door or lock is tampered with.
==Performance standards==
[[Quality control]] for much of the world's vault industry is overseen by [[Underwriters Laboratories|Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.]] (UL), in Northbrook, Illinois. Until 1991, the United States government also regulated the vault industry. The government set minimum standards for the thickness of vault walls, but advances in concrete technology made thickness an arbitrary measure of strength. Thin panels of new materials were far stronger than the thicker, poured concrete walls. Now the effectiveness of the vault is measured by how well it performs against a mock break-in. Manufacturers also do their own testing designing a new product to make sure it is likely to succeed in UL trials.{{cite web|title=UL 608 Burglary Resistant Vault Doors and Modular Panels | url=http://ulstandardsinfonet.ul.com/scopes/scopes.asp?fn=0608.html |publisher=Underwriter's Laboratories | accessdate=30 Oct 2012}} Key points include:
*It is based on using "common hand tools, picking tools, mechanical or portable electric tools, grinding points carbide drills, pressure applying devices or mechanisms, abrasive cutting wheels, power saws, coring tools, impact tools, fluxing rods, and oxy-fuel gas cutting torches".
*A breach is a hole in the door or wall of at least 96 square inches (6 × 16 in (15.24 × 40.64 cm)) or breaking locking bolts to allow the door to open.
*Considers only the time actually spent working (excludes setup, rests, etc.)
*Does not cover attacks with a [[thermal lance]] or explosives.
*UL-608 makes no claims as to the fire resistance of the vault.
*Applies to the door and all sides.
*The lock, ventilation, alarms, etc. are covered by other UL standards.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rating
!Time to Breach Vault
|-
|Class M
|15 minutes
|-
|Class I
|30 minutes
|-
|Class II
|60 minutes
|-
|Class III
|120 minutes
|-
|}
==Byproducts/waste==
The manufacturing process itself has no unusual waste or byproducts, but getting rid of old bank vaults can be a problem. Newer, modular bank vaults can be moved if a bank closes or relocates. They can also be enlarged if the bank's needs change. Older bank vaults are quite difficult to demolish. If an old bank building is to be renovated for another use, in most cases a specialty contractor has to be called in to demolish the vault. A vault's demolition requires massive wrecking equipment and may take months of work at a large expense. At least one company in the United States refurbishes old vault doors that are then resold.
In some cases, the new owner of a former bank building will opt to use the vault. There are cases where, for example, a bank building was renovated into a pub, which then used the vault as a secure storeroom for its liquor supply.
==Future==
Bank vault technology changed rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s with the development of improved concrete material. Bank burglaries are also no longer the substantial problem they were in the late nineteenth century up through the 1930s, but vault makers continue to alter their products to counter new break-in methods.
An issue in the twenty-first century is the [[thermal lance]]. Burning iron rods in pure oxygen ignited by an oxyacetylene torch, it can produce temperatures of 6,600–8,000 °F (3,650–4,430 °C). The thermal lance user bores a series of small holes that can eventually be linked to form a gap. Vault manufacturers work closely with the banking industry and law enforcement in order to keep up with such advances in burglary.
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
=== Books ===
* Steele, Sean P., ''Heists: Swindles, Stickups, and Robberies that Shocked the World.'' New York: Metrobooks, 1995. ISBN 1-56799-170-X.
* Tchudi, Stephen, ''Lock & Key: The Secrets of Locking Things Up, In, and Out.'' New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993. ISBN 0-684-19363-9.
=== Periodicals ===
* Chiles, James R., [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5449843_ITM "Age-Old Battle to Keep Safes Safe from 'Creepers, Soup Men and Yeggs"]. ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'' (July 1984): 35–44.
* Merrick, Amy, [http://www.brownsafe.com/categories/press/press_article_2007_WSJournal.html "Immovable Objects, If They're Bank Vaults, Make Nice Restaurants"]. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' (5 February 2001): Al.
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Bank vaults}}
* [http://www.cmi-gold-silver.com/blog/15-impenetrable-bank-vaults "15 Most Impenetrable Bank Vaults"], accessed 28 December 2010.
* [http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Bank-Vault.html "Bank Vault (madehow.com)"], accessed 28 December 2010.
* [http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/ar380-5/v.htm "AR 380-5 Chapter V Safekeeping and Storage"], U.S. DOD standard for secret material storage displayed by Federation of American Scientists, accessed 28 December 2010.
* [https://portal.navfac.navy.mil/portal/page/portal/NAVFAC/NAVFAC_WW_PP/NAVFAC_NFESC_PP/LOCKS/PDF_FILES/X-09_Operating_Instructions.pdf "Operating Instruction for the X-09 Type 1F High Security Electronic Lock"], U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command, accessed 28 December 2010.
A Time-Vault is a fictional device or structure,used to preserve or store items for safe keeping,existing within the .
==Type One Time-Vault ==
A '''bank vault''' (or '''strongroom''') is a secure space where money, valuables, records, and documents can be stored,outside of time and space. It is intended to protect their contents from theft, unauthorized use, fire, natural disasters, and other threats, just like a [[safe]]. But unlike safes, vaults are an integral part of the building within which they are built, using armored walls and a tightly fashioned door closed with a complex [[Lock (device)|lock]].Generally,they have size limitations,but act and function in a similar to small,scaled down [[New Genisis Bunkers]]
==Type Two Time-Vault==
A '''bank vault''' (or '''strongroom''') is a secure space where money, valuables, records,equiptment and documents can be stored,outside of time and space. It is intended to protect their contents from theft, unauthorized use, fire, natural disasters, and other threats, just like a [[safe]]. But unlike safes, vaults are an integral part of the building within which they are built, using armored walls and a tightly fashioned door closed with a complex [[Lock (device)|lock]].Generally,they have size limitations,but act and function in a similar to small,scaled down [[New Genisis Bunkers]],just like Type One Time-Vaults.The diffecences,Type Two Time-Vault also not apart of a building,but can built as the buildings themselves.
These Type Two Time-Vaults became sort scaled down version of[[New Genisis Bunkers]],to be used store more various items and equiptment,but to be uses a safehouse or bases of operations,for various groups or individuals.
==Type Three Time-Vault==
a kind of huge Time-Vault,used to secure space where money, valuables, records,equiptment and documents can be stored,outside of time and space,too dangerous to allowed out among the populas.
== '''Features''' ==
Separate security towers and administration building; main citadel (security staging areas, administrative offices); self-contained cells in subterranean levels, each cell has reconfigurable walls for differentiated accomodation; isolation pit/cells; self-contained nuclear power facility.
Several eons ago, the United Kingdoms of Atlantis tried to solve the problem of incarcerating superhuman criminals and extraterrestrial lifeforms,to dangerous to allowed freedom by creating the maximum security prison termed “the Vault.” It had many advantages over more conventional prisons, as it contained multiple subterranean levels, was constructed from near-impervious materials such as either Atlanteanor steel, and used various power-dampening devices. An additional factor in the Vault’s early success was the fact that its location, deep within the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, was kept top secret from all but the most necessary personnel and government officials.
In the beginning, the Vault lived up to its expectations, becoming an effective internment for superhuman criminals. Most villains feared the Vault’s reputation as an “inescapable” prison, partly because it was so shrouded in secret. However, many would attempt to break out of the Vault, particularly Venom. His most notable attempted break-out occurred during the tenure of the warden Truman Marsh. Marsh had instituted a number of hard-line policies against the inmates, and Venom was able to recruit a veritable army in hopes of escaping. However, Marsh clamped down on the entire facility, setting a bomb to detonate rather than allow any to escape. The Avengers and Freedom Force combined their efforts to break into the prison, subdue the inmates, and defuse the bomb. Unfortunately, Marsh was killed by Venom in the process
{{Redirect|Strongroom|the 1962 British crime drama|Strongroom (film)}}
[[File:WinonaSavingsBankVault.JPG|thumb|300px|Large door to an old [[Diebold]] bank vault. On the right is the back side of the open door. To the right of the door's center are two linked lock mechanism boxes for the dual combination dials. To the left of the door's center is a timelock with its four movements.]]
A '''bank vault''' (or '''strongroom''') is a secure space where money, valuables, records, and documents can be stored. It is intended to protect their contents from theft, unauthorized use, fire, natural disasters, and other threats, just like a [[safe]]. But unlike safes, vaults are an integral part of the building within which they are built, using armored walls and a tightly fashioned door closed with a complex [[Lock (device)|lock]].
Historically, strongrooms were built in the [[basement]] of a bank where the ceilings were [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted]], hence the name. Modern bank vaults typically contain many [[safe deposit box]]es, as well as places for teller cash drawers, and other valuable assets of the bank or its customers. They are also common in other buildings where valuables are kept such as post offices, grand hotels, rare book libraries and certain government ministries.
Vault technology developed in a type of arms race with bank robbers. As [[burglar]]s came up with new ways to break into vaults, vault makers found innovative ways to foil them. Modern vaults may be armed with a wide array of alarms and anti-theft devices. Some nineteenth and early twentieth century vaults were built so well that today they are almost impossible to destroy. These older vaults were typically made with [[Reinforced concrete|steel-reinforced concrete]]. The walls were usually at least 1 ft (0.3 m) thick, and the door itself was typically 3.5 ft (1.1 m) thick. Total weight ran into the hundreds of tons. Today vaults are made with thinner, lighter materials that, while still secure, are easier to dismantle than their earlier counterparts.
==History==
[[File:Bank vault 1901.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Strongroom from 1901]]
The need for secure storage stretches far back in time. The earliest known locks were made by the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]]. [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] used a more sophisticated locking system, called [[warded lock]]s. Warded locks had special notches and grooves that made picking them more difficult. Lock technology advanced independently in ancient [[India]], [[Ancient Russia|Russia]], and [[History of China#Ancient China|China]], where the [[combination lock]] is thought to have originated. In the United States, most banks relied on small iron [[safe]]s fitted with a key lock up until the middle of the nineteenth century. After the [[California Gold Rush|Gold Rush]] of 1849, unsuccessful [[Prospecting|prospector]]s turned to robbing banks. The prospectors would often break into the bank using a pickax and hammer. The safe was usually small enough that the thief could get it out a window, and take it to a secluded spot to break it open.
Banks demanded more protection and safe makers responded by designing larger, heavier safes. Safes with a key lock were still vulnerable through the key hole, and bank robbers soon learned to blast off the door by pouring explosives in this opening. In 1861, inventor [[Linus Yale Jr.]] introduced the modern combination lock. Bankers quickly adopted [[Yale (company)|Yale]]'s lock for their safes, but bank robbers came up with several ways to get past the new invention. It was possible to use force to punch the combination lock through the door. Other experienced burglars learned to drill holes into the lock case and use mirrors to view the slots in the combination wheels inside the mechanism. A more direct approach was to simply kidnap the bank manager and force him to reveal the combination.
After the inventions of the combination lock, James Sargent—an employee of Yale—developed the "theft proof lock." This was a combination lock that worked on a timer. The vault or safe door could only be opened after a set number of hours had passed, thus a kidnapped bank employee could not open the lock in the middle of the night even under force. [[Time lock]]s became widespread at banks in the 1870s. This reduced the kidnappings, but set bank robbers to work again at prying or blasting open vaults. Thieves developed tools for forcing open a tiny crack between the vault door and frame. As the crack widened, the thieves levered the door open or poured in gunpowder and blasted it off. Vault makers responded with a series of stair-stepped grooves in the door frame so the door could not be levered open. But these grooves proved ideal for a new weapon: liquid [[nitroglycerin]]. Professional bank robbers learned to boil [[dynamite]] in a kettle of water and skim the nitroglycerin off the top. They could drip this volatile liquid into the door grooves and destroy the door. Vault makers subsequently redesigned their doors so they closed with a thick, smooth, tapered plug. The plug fit so tightly that there was no room for the nitroglycerin.
By the 1920s, most banks avoided using safes and instead turned to gigantic, heavy vaults with walls and doors several feet thick. These were meant to withstand not only robbers but also angry mobs and natural disasters. Despite the new security measures, these vaults were still vulnerable to yet another new invention, the [[cutting torch]]. Burning oxygen and [[acetylene]] gas at about {{convert|6000|°F|°C|-2}}, the torch could easily cut through steel. It was in use as early as 1907, but became widespread with World War I. Robbers used cutting torches in over 200 bank robberies in 1924 alone. Manufacturers learned to sandwich a copper alloy into vault doors. If heated, the high thermal conductivity of copper dissipates the heat to prevent melting or burning. After this design improvement, bank burglaries fell off and were far less common at the end of the 1920s than at the beginning of the decade.
Technology continues in the race with bank robbers, coming up with new devices such as [[heat sensor]]s, [[motion detector]]s, and alarms. Bank robbers have in turn developed even more technological tools to find ways around these systems. Although the number of bank robberies has been cut dramatically, they are still attempted.
Materials used in vaults and vault doors have changed as well. The earlier vaults had steel doors, but because these could easily be cut by torches, different materials were tried. Massive cast iron doors had more resistance to acetylene torches than steel. The modern preferred vault door material is actually the same concrete as used in the vault wall panels. It is usually clad in steel for cosmetic reasons.
==Design==
[[File:TIFF Image File0003.TIF|thumb|200px|Vault of a retail bank under demolition.]]
Bank vaults are built as custom orders. The vault is usually the first aspect of a new bank building to be designed and built. The manufacturing process begins with the design of the vault, and the rest of the bank is built around it. The vault manufacturer consults with the customer to determine factors such as the total vault size, desired shape, and location of the door. After the customer signs off on the design, the manufacturer configures the equipment to make the vault panels and door. The customer usually orders the vault to be delivered and installed. That is, the vault manufacturer not only makes the vault parts, but brings the parts to the construction site and puts them together.
Bank vaults are typically made with steel-reinforced concrete. This material was not substantially different from that used in construction work. It relied on its immense thickness for strength. An ordinary vault from the middle of the 20th century might have been 18 in (45.72 cm) thick and was quite heavy and difficult to remove or remodel around. Modern bank vaults are now typically made of modular concrete panels using a special proprietary blend of concrete and additives for extreme strength. The concrete has been engineered for maximum crush resistance. A panel of this material, though only 3 in (7.62 cm) thick, may be up to 10 times as strong as an 18 in-thick (45.72-cm) panel of regular formula concrete.
There are at least two public examples of vaults withstanding a nuclear blast. The most famous is the Teikoku Bank in [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Hiroshima]] whose two [[Mosler Safe Company]] vaults survived the atomic blast with all contents intact. The bank manager wrote a congratulatory note to Mosler.{{cite web|title=Letters of Note: Your Products are Stronger than the Atomic Bomb | url=http://www.lettersofnote.com/2010/09/safe.html |accessdate=16 September 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100919151038/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2010/09/safe.html| archivedate= 19 September 2010 | deadurl= no}}{{cite web|title=Unbreakable: Hiroshima and the Mosler Safe Company | url= http://conelrad.blogspot.com/2010/08/unbreakable-hiroshima-and-mosler-safe.html |publisher=CONELRAD Adjacent |accessdate=26 August 2010}} A second is a vault at the [[Nevada National Security Site]] (formerly the Nevada Test Site) in which an above ground Mosler vault was one of many structures specifically constructed to be exposed to an atomic blast.{{cite web|title=A Nuclear Family Vacation| url=http://www.slate.com/id/2122382/entry/2122387/ |publisher=Slate Magazine |accessdate=11 July 2005| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20050713012637/http://www.slate.com/id/2122382/entry/2122387/| archivedate= 13 July 2005 | deadurl= no}}{{cite web|title=Slate's Well-Traveled: A Nuclear Family Vacation | url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4755708 |publisher=NPR |accessdate=15 July 2005}}
==Manufacturing process==
===Panels===
The wall panels are molded first using a special [[reinforced concrete]] mix. In addition to the usual cement powder, stone, etc., additional materials such as metal shavings or abrasive materials may be added to resist drilling penetration of the slab. Unlike regular concrete used in construction, the concrete for bank vaults is so thick that it cannot be poured. The consistency of concrete is measured by its "[[Concrete Slump Test|slump]]." Vault concrete has zero slump. It also sets very quickly, curing in only six to 12 hours, instead of the three to four days needed for most concrete.{{cite web|title=Discovery Channel (UK) How Do They Do It? (Season 3 / Episode 7 / Part 2) Diebold Vault Construction (Youtube)|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oefNi2iNFEo|accessdate=28 December 2010}}{{cite web|title=Hercvlite Vault Panels | url=http://www.vaultstructures.com/hercvlite.php|accessdate=28 December 2010}}
*A network of reinforcing steel rods are manually placed into the damp mix.
*The molds are vibrated for several hours. The vibration settles the material and eliminates air pockets.
*The edges are smoothed with a trowel, and the concrete is allowed to harden.
*The panels are removed from the mold and placed on a truck for transport to the customer's construction site.
===Door===
The vault door is also molded of special concrete used to make the panels, but it can be made in several ways. The door mold differs from the panel molds because there is a hole for the lock and the door will be clad in stainless steel. Some manufacturers use the steel cladding as the mold and pour the concrete directly into it. Other manufacturers use a regular mold and screw the steel on after the panel is dry.
Round vault doors were popular in the early 20th century and are iconic images for a bank's high security. They fell out of favor due to manufacturing complexities, maintenance issues (door sag due to weight) and cost, but a few examples are still available.{{cite web|title=Vault Structure Inc. Round Vault Doors | url=http://www.vaultstructures.com/round.php|accessdate=28 December 2010}}{{cite web|title=VSI 360 Round Vault Door | url=http://fspa1.com/pdf/Round_Vault_Door.pdf|accessdate=28 December 2010}}
A day gate is a second door inside the main vault door frame used for limited vault protection while the main door is open. It is often made of open metal mesh or glass and is intended to keep a casual visitor out rather than to provide true security.{{cite web|title=Installation Instructions for Overly GSA Class 5 Vault Door|url=http://www.overly.com/door/tech/docs/ins-gsaCL5.pdf|publisher=Overly Door Company|accessdate=28 December 2010}}
===Lock===
A vault door, much like the smaller burglary safe door, is secured with numerous massive metal bolts (cylinders) extending from the door into the surrounding frame. Holding those bolts in place is some sort of lock. The lock is invariably mounted on the inside (behind) of the difficult to penetrate door and is usually very modest in size and strength, but very difficult to gain access to from the outside. There are many types of lock mechanisms in use:
*A [[combination lock]] similar in principle to that of a padlock or safe door is very common. This is usually a mechanical device but products incorporating both mechanical and electronic mechanisms are available, making certain safe cracking techniques very difficult.{{cite web|title=Kaba-MAS X-09 and CDX-09 High Security Locks|url=http://www.kaba-mas.com/pdf/brochures/x_09.pdf|pages=8|format=PDF|date=Dec 2010}}
*High security key locks are used in a few vault doors.{{cite news|title=The Untold Story of the World's Biggest Diamond Heist|url=http://www.wired.com/politics/law/magazine/17-04/ff_diamonds?currentPage=all|publisher=Wired Magazine|accessdate=3 December 2009|date=12 March 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091108121455/http://www.wired.com/politics/law/magazine/17-04/ff_diamonds?currentPage=all| archivedate= 8 November 2009 | deadurl= no}}
*A dual control (dual custody) combination lock has two dials controlling two locking mechanisms for the door. They are usually configured so that both locks must be dialed open at the same time for the door to be unlocked. No single person is given both combinations, requiring two people to cooperate to open the door. Some doors may be configured so that either dial will unlock the door, trading off increased convenience for lessened security.
*A [[time lock]] is a clock that prevents the vault's door from opening until a specified number of hours have passed. This is still the "theft proof" lock system that Sargent invented in the late nineteenth century. Such locks are manufactured by only a few companies worldwide. The locking system is supplied to the vault manufacturer preassembled.
* Many [[safe-cracking]] techniques also apply to the locking mechanism of the vault door. They may be complicated by the sheer thickness and strength of the door and panel.
===Installation===
*The finished vault panels, door, and lock assembly are transported to the bank construction site. The vault manufacturer's workers then place the panels enclosed in steel at the designated spots and weld them together. The vault manufacturer may also supply an alarm system, which is installed at the same time. While older vaults employed various weapons against burglars, such as blasts of steam or teargas, modern vaults instead use technological countermeasures. They can be wired with a listening device that picks up unusual sounds, or observed with a [[CCTV|camera]]. An alarm is often present to alert local police if the door or lock is tampered with.
==Performance standards==
[[Quality control]] for much of the world's vault industry is overseen by [[Underwriters Laboratories|Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.]] (UL), in Northbrook, Illinois. Until 1991, the United States government also regulated the vault industry. The government set minimum standards for the thickness of vault walls, but advances in concrete technology made thickness an arbitrary measure of strength. Thin panels of new materials were far stronger than the thicker, poured concrete walls. Now the effectiveness of the vault is measured by how well it performs against a mock break-in. Manufacturers also do their own testing designing a new product to make sure it is likely to succeed in UL trials.{{cite web|title=UL 608 Burglary Resistant Vault Doors and Modular Panels | url=http://ulstandardsinfonet.ul.com/scopes/scopes.asp?fn=0608.html |publisher=Underwriter's Laboratories | accessdate=30 Oct 2012}} Key points include:
*It is based on using "common hand tools, picking tools, mechanical or portable electric tools, grinding points carbide drills, pressure applying devices or mechanisms, abrasive cutting wheels, power saws, coring tools, impact tools, fluxing rods, and oxy-fuel gas cutting torches".
*A breach is a hole in the door or wall of at least 96 square inches (6 × 16 in (15.24 × 40.64 cm)) or breaking locking bolts to allow the door to open.
*Considers only the time actually spent working (excludes setup, rests, etc.)
*Does not cover attacks with a [[thermal lance]] or explosives.
*UL-608 makes no claims as to the fire resistance of the vault.
*Applies to the door and all sides.
*The lock, ventilation, alarms, etc. are covered by other UL standards.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rating
!Time to Breach Vault
|-
|Class M
|15 minutes
|-
|Class I
|30 minutes
|-
|Class II
|60 minutes
|-
|Class III
|120 minutes
|-
|}
==Byproducts/waste==
The manufacturing process itself has no unusual waste or byproducts, but getting rid of old bank vaults can be a problem. Newer, modular bank vaults can be moved if a bank closes or relocates. They can also be enlarged if the bank's needs change. Older bank vaults are quite difficult to demolish. If an old bank building is to be renovated for another use, in most cases a specialty contractor has to be called in to demolish the vault. A vault's demolition requires massive wrecking equipment and may take months of work at a large expense. At least one company in the United States refurbishes old vault doors that are then resold.
In some cases, the new owner of a former bank building will opt to use the vault. There are cases where, for example, a bank building was renovated into a pub, which then used the vault as a secure storeroom for its liquor supply.
==Future==
Bank vault technology changed rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s with the development of improved concrete material. Bank burglaries are also no longer the substantial problem they were in the late nineteenth century up through the 1930s, but vault makers continue to alter their products to counter new break-in methods.
An issue in the twenty-first century is the [[thermal lance]]. Burning iron rods in pure oxygen ignited by an oxyacetylene torch, it can produce temperatures of 6,600–8,000 °F (3,650–4,430 °C). The thermal lance user bores a series of small holes that can eventually be linked to form a gap. Vault manufacturers work closely with the banking industry and law enforcement in order to keep up with such advances in burglary.
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
=== Books ===
* Steele, Sean P., ''Heists: Swindles, Stickups, and Robberies that Shocked the World.'' New York: Metrobooks, 1995. ISBN 1-56799-170-X.
* Tchudi, Stephen, ''Lock & Key: The Secrets of Locking Things Up, In, and Out.'' New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993. ISBN 0-684-19363-9.
=== Periodicals ===
* Chiles, James R., [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5449843_ITM "Age-Old Battle to Keep Safes Safe from 'Creepers, Soup Men and Yeggs"]. ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'' (July 1984): 35–44.
* Merrick, Amy, [http://www.brownsafe.com/categories/press/press_article_2007_WSJournal.html "Immovable Objects, If They're Bank Vaults, Make Nice Restaurants"]. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' (5 February 2001): Al.
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Bank vaults}}
* [http://www.cmi-gold-silver.com/blog/15-impenetrable-bank-vaults "15 Most Impenetrable Bank Vaults"], accessed 28 December 2010.
* [http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Bank-Vault.html "Bank Vault (madehow.com)"], accessed 28 December 2010.
* [http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/ar380-5/v.htm "AR 380-5 Chapter V Safekeeping and Storage"], U.S. DOD standard for secret material storage displayed by Federation of American Scientists, accessed 28 December 2010.
* [https://portal.navfac.navy.mil/portal/page/portal/NAVFAC/NAVFAC_WW_PP/NAVFAC_NFESC_PP/LOCKS/PDF_FILES/X-09_Operating_Instructions.pdf "Operating Instruction for the X-09 Type 1F High Security Electronic Lock"], U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command, accessed 28 December 2010.
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